


THE NEW 
JUNIOR WORKERS' 
MANUAL ; I '■ 









ROBERT P. ANDERSON 





Class 

Book - fk 

Copyright N°__ 



COFKRJGHT DEPOSIT. 



THE NEW 
JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 



The New 
Junior Workers' Manual 



A TEXT-BOOK ON 
JUNIOR WORK 



BY 

Rev. Robert P. Anderson 

H 

Editorial Secretary of the United 
Society of Christian Endeavor 




UNITED SOCIETY OF CHRISTIAN ENDEAVOR 

BOSTON CHICAGO 



Aw 



Copyrighted, 1921 
by the 

United Society of Christian Endeavor 



AUG 31 1921 
g)C!.A624l44 



CONTEXTS 

CHAPTER PAGE 

I. Why? 11 

The Aim of Junior Endeavor 12 

Why a Junior Society Is Needed 13 

What about a Superintendent for the Juniors?. . 13 
How Should a Junior Superintendent Be 

Appointed ? 15 

II. The Child 17 

The Child 's Thought 18 

Early Childhood 19 

The Junior Age 20 

The Body 22 

The Mind 24 

The Child 's Interests 27 

Thought, Feeling, and Will 28 

Instinct 30 

Habit 36 

III. Morals axd Religion 41 

Education of the Moral Life 41 

What Morality Means to Children 42 

The Lying Habit 43 

Child Virtues 44 

The Child 's Religion 45 

IV. The Superintendent 's Task 49 

General Principles 50 

Discipline 54 

Restless Juniors 56 

What to Teach 59 

V 



vi CONTENTS 

CHAPTER PAGE 

V. Qualifications of the Superintendent 63 

Love 63 

Personality 64 

Patience 64 

Justice 65 

Consecration 65 

Tact 66 

Knowledge 66 

Pastor Superintendents 66 

VI. Organization and Equipment 68 

How to Organize a Junior Society 68 

Two Methods 69 

The Assistants 71 

The Membership 72 

The Active Members ' Pledge 72 

The Preparatory Members ' Pledge 73 

The Constitution 74 

The Equipment 79 

Society Equipment 80 

VII. The Officers 83 

The President 83 

The Vice-President 83 

The Secretary 84 

The Treasurer 85 

Executive-Committee Meeting 88 

The Society's Business Meeting 89 

VIII. Society Organization : The Committees .... 91 

Prayer-Meeting Committee 92 

Lookout Committee 93 

Social Committee 97 

Recreation Committee 100 

Missionary Committee 101 



CONTEXTS vii 



CHAPTER PAGE 

Sunshine Committee 104 

Flower Committee 105 

Birthday Committee 106 

Good-Citizenship Committee 106 

Scrap-Book Committee 107 

Music Committee 108 

Information Committee 108 

Good-Literature Committee 109 

IX. How to Conduct a Junior Meeting Ill 

The Time of Meeting Ill 

The Programme 113 

Pageants 119 

Eepetition and Enforcement 119 

The Consecration Meeting 121 

X. What the Society May Do 123 

XI. Junior Educational Programme 131 

1. The Body 131 

2. The Mind 131 

A. Thought 132 

B. Feeling 132 

C. Will 133 

3. The Soul 133 

Missionary Education 134 

Co-ordinate the Work 134 

The Child 's Quiet Hour 136 

The Tenth Legion 138 

A Society Educational Policy 140 

XII. Bible Drills and Memory Work 147 

A. Bible Drills 147 

Learning the Xanies of the Bible Books. . . . 147 

Yerse-Finding Drill 151 



viii CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 

Spelling Drill 152 

Combination Drill and Memory Work 152 

A Parable Drill 153 

Map Drills 153 

Bible Biography Drill 154 

B. Bible Alphabets , 155 

A Great-Word Alphabet 155 

Other Alphabets 157 

"I Am" V erses 158 

< < I Will ' ' or Words of Invitation 158 

More "I Will" Verses 159 

Symbols of the Spirit Verses 159 

Memory Work in Connection with Great 

Topics 160 

God's Gifts 160 

Practical Passages: Old Testament 161 

Practical Passages: New Testament 161 

A Bible Biography Alphabet 162 

Kewards 165 

XIII. Short Bible Prayers 167 

Supplication 167 

Aspiration 168 

Praise 169 

Faith 170 

Thanksgiving 170 

Dedication 171 

Benedictions 171 

Using the Bible in Prayer 173 

Some Sentence Prayers 174 

XIV. A Few Suggestions 176 

Sashes, Stars, Crescents, and Suns 176 

Parents and the Pledge 177 



CONTENTS ix 



CHAPTER PAGE 

Mothers ' Meetings 177 

Banners 178 

Buttons and Pins 180 

XV. Junior Unions 181 

The Superintendents 181 

Round Eobins 182 

The Junior Union 182 

The Junior Parade 181 

Automobile Parade 185 

The Junior Union Treasury 185 

The Junior Union Secretary 186 



The New Junior Workers' 
Manual 



CHAPTER I 
WHY? 

The Junior society is no longer an experiment. 
It has stood the test of time and experience. This 
handbook, therefore, is not a defence of Junior 
work, but an attempt to present to superintendents 
some principles and methods that may help them 
in their labors. 

The Junior society does one very definite service 
for the child. It more than doubles the time given 
to its religious instruction. The Sunday-school 
hour is all too short for the task. The Junior soci- 
ety adds another hour, and to this again whatever 
time is devoted during the week to committee work. 
The effect of this extra training, especially in view 
of the character of it, is to give a distinct advan- 
tage to the child that passes through the society. 

11 



12 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

Some Sunday-schools have adopted the Junior 
society's system of memory work and drills and 
are getting good results. But the time that can 
be given to this work in a Sunday school is very 
limited, if the school is to carry out its instruc- 
tional features well. And of course there is a mul- 
titude of schools in which memory work is either 
of the scantiest or is altogether lacking. Junior 
training supplements the Sunday school at this 
point to a marked degree. Many adults who for 
the first time see a Junior society in operation are 
astounded at the efficiency of the Juniors in finding 
Bible verses anywhere in the Bible, and at the 
extent of their Bible knowledge. 

The Aim of Junior Endeavor. — The aim of Ju- 
nior Endeavor is Christian nurture, to increase the 
children's knowledge of the Bible, teach them how 
to use the Book, establish desirable habits in the 
habit-forming age, set up worthy ideals in the 
period of greatest openness to suggestion and 
greatest tendency to imitation, arouse and educate 
conscience, lead them to accept Christ as Saviour 
and Lord, and to apply to the need and capacity 
of children the principle of the older society, to 
learn by doing. The society is fundamentally not 
an attempt to do something for the child, but 
rather to get the child to do something for himself. 
The aim is not to make children grown up before 



WHY? 13 

their time, but to give them an opportunity to 
practise in childhood's way what they can of 
Christianity. 

Why a Junior Society Is Needed. — It is needed 
because Juniors are given more and better reli- 
gious education with it than without it. It is needed 
because it provides expressional work, or teaching 
by doing, for which there is not time in the Sun- 
day school. It is needed because it ministers to 
instincts that are especially strong in the Junior 
age. It helps to develop a spirit of reverence and 
worship. It lays the foundation of a good con-^ 
science in after years. It teaches children that 
they have responsibilites and duties. It trains 
them to pray, to testify, and it is a splendid and 
altogether necessary preparation for the work of 
the Intermediate and Senior societies. 

Again, in the society Juniors are drawn close to 
the superintendent and naturally imitate her 
ideals, thus establishing good habits that set as the 
years move on. The power of a consecrated per- 
sonality on a child's mind is great beyond words. 
What a superintendent can do in the way of teach- 
ing is excellent, but what she can do by the influ- 
ence of her character and personality is more won- 
derful still. 

What about a Superintendent for the Juniors? 
— If Junior work were really understood there 



14 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

would be no difficulty in finding a superintendent 
for the society. No opportunity for service that 
the church supplies is greater than that of guiding 
a group of Juniors. The children are at the most 
impressionable age. Their minds are plastic, 
ready to take whatever stamp is placed upon them. 
These years are vital, often determining the entire 
life. Surely there are in the church or the Senior 
society one or two young people with vision and 
understanding and consecration who will hear 
Christ's call not only to follow Him but also to 
feed His lambs ! Those that sigh for the privilege 
of service on the foreign field (and there are many 
in our societies) should look at the children at their 
very doors, a field quite as important and far more 
fruitful than the field in any country across the 
sea. The children of the church are often over- 
looked, the idea being that the Sunday school is 
fully taking care of them. Plenty of churches pay 
more for a quartette or a soloist to enrich the Sun- 
day services than they would think of paying for 
the equipment and support of a Junior society. 
Some churches are indeed alive to their oppor- 
tunity and are employing paid workers for their 
children. That is beyond the ability of most, how- 
ever, so that the Junior superintendent will gener- 
ally be a voluntary worker. 

We shall have more to say later about the quali- 
fications of the Junior superintendent. At pres- 



WHY? 15 

ent it is enough to point out that any young man 
or young woman of ordinary intelligence can fit 
himself or herself for the work. 

The church should have some means of training 
superintendents for the Junior society. At present 
the usual way one can get training is by serving 
as assistant superintendent under a wide-awake 
leader. Every society should have at least one 
assistant superintendent; two or more are better. 
In this way understudies are ready to take up the 
work if the superintendent should move away or 
be unable to continue it. But even where there 
is no society a young person need not be afraid 
to take hold. A grasp of fundamental principles 
is not difficult for an Endeavorer who already has 
experience in the older society, and there is abun- 
dant literature on Junior work. The helps for the 
topic in The Junior Christian Endeavor World 
and in The Christian Endeavor World are enough 
to ensure a good meeting. 

How Should the Junior Superintendent Be Ap- 
pointed? — There is really no rule. In some cases 
the church, through its official board, appoints. In 
other cases the Senior Christian Endeavor society 
appoints not only a superintendent but several as- 
sistants, or what is called a Junior committee. In 
other cases there is no appointment at all; a con- 
secrated young woman sees the need and asks the 



16 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

pastor for permission to form a society. Again, 
sometimes the women's organizations in the church 
appoint a superintendent for the Juniors. The 
important thing is that some one takes up the 
work. If we were asked to give our preference 
as to method, we would say that perhaps the ap- 
pointment of a superintendent through the official 
board of the church is the best plan. It gives 
official standing to the society. But even in that 
case the superintendent would have to be found 
first. One point seems important, namely, that the 
superintendent chosen shall be or shall have been 
an Endeavorer. The Junior society will be con- 
ducted along the same general lines as the Senior 
society, with suitable modifications, and one that 
has had Christian Endeavor training will know 
fairly well what should be done. If there is na 
one in the church who has had this training, then 
do the next best thing and appoint one who is 
willing to learn. 

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 

What service does Junior Christian Endeavor do for the child ? 

How does Junior Christian Endeavor supplement the Sunday- 
school ? 

What is the aim of Junior Endeavor? 

Why is a Junior society needed? 

Why should young people be willing to become Junior super- 
intendents ? 

How may a Junior superintendent get training? 

How should a Junior superintendent be appointed? 



CHAPTER II 
THE CHILD 

The Junior superintendent will love children. 
This is essential. But she ought also to under- 
stand children. She should have insight into their 
mode of acting and thinking. This is necessary if 
she is to teach them efficiently and to maintain dis- 
cipline. This is the problem before us now. 

The Junior age is from about seven to thirteen 
or fourteen. How do Juniors of this age think 
and act? We must remember that childhood is 
very complex and that children are different from 
one another, just like grown-ups. Few boys and 
girls fit exactly into any formula. Therefore we 
must watch the individual, keep our eyes and ears 
open for signs of what the child is thinking, and 
seek to find a motive for his acts ; we must study 
the nature of the child and how to approach him, 
how to influence him for good, how to establish 
right habits and combat wrong ones, how to give 
the child a conception of God, of Christ, of the 
Bible, of the Christian life. This is no mean task, 
but it is one which, rightly carried through, pays 
rich dividends in the lives of boys and girls. 

17 



18 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

The Child's Thought. — We must try to realize 
at all times that the child thinks differently from a 
grown person. This is natural, for a child's ex- 
perience is exceedingly limited. Most situations 
he has to face are new to him. He has been born 
into a bewildering world which he does not in the 
least understand, but about which he is tremen- 
dously curious. He wants to try everything and 
feel the effect of what he does. He is hungry for 
experiences of all sorts. 

A grown person, that is, a person who has en- 
riched his experience in the course of time, will 
have acquired through this experience a whole col- 
lection of ideals and motives which the child has 
not at all. In a given situation, therefore, a grown 
person will act from a more or less definite set of 
motives that lie at the back of his mind. But the 
child has no experience to guide him in a strange 
situation. He acts as we say impulsively; that is, 
he tries out a course of action that seems right to 
him in the circumstances, a course that is really hit 
or miss and not carefully reasoned or thought 
through. He cannot think a thing through be- 
cause he has not the material for thought to work 
upon. 

The younger a child is the more likely he is to 
react differently from older persons to the various 
situations in which he finds himself. The superin- 
tendent should remember this. She should never 



THE CHILD 19 

judge a child by her own standard either of intelli- 
gence or morals, but seek in every instance to get 
the point of view of the child. She must put her- 
self in his place. Only as this is grasped, or as the 
superintendent has insight and understanding, will 
she be able to exert her full influence on the child. 
For the education of children does not merely con- 
sist in pouring information into empty brains, or 
making the little folks memorize facts, but in de- 
veloping their mental and spiritual powers. In 
reality children educate themselves; the most that 
we can do is to furnish them with the material and 
the opportunity, and guide their efforts as they 
seek to touch reality. 

Early Childhood. — This is not the place to dis- 
cuss the mental processes of early childhood. In 
the first six years the child's activity is predom- 
inantly muscular. The physical senses are being 
trained, and the child is getting more and more 
control of its body. This does not mean that there 
is no mental or spiritual activity during these 
years, or that full control of the body is gained at 
the early age of six, but simply that there is more 
muscular than any other kind of activity in this 
period, the mental and spiritual being secondary. 
Perhaps this is not an exact statement, for there is 
really nothing secondary in a child's growth. All 
growth goes on at the same time, but not at the 



20 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

same rate. In the early days physical growth out- 
strips mental and spiritual. 

The Junior Age. — As we have said, in relation 
to the Junior society the Junior age is from seven 
to thirteen or fourteen. This does not mean that 
in this entire period the mental condition of chil- 
dren is the same. It is not. The years from seven 
to ten are different in many ways from those be- 
tween ten and thirteen. Still, there is no abrupt 
change in a child's development. Growth is grad- 
ual, and if anything seems abrupt to us, we may 
be sure that there has been a long period of silent 
preparation for the change. A flower may unfold 
in a day, but the bud is the work of an extended 
period. 

In both of these ages, seven — ten, ten — thirteen, 
many characteristics and instincts are similar, but 
the older Juniors are not only enlarging their ex- 
perience and deepening their emotional life, but 
are developing their reasoning powers, and in 
these ways are adding new characteristics or 
changing the emphasis on the old. A work on 
psychology would probably attempt to draw a dif- 
ferent picture for each age ; for our purpose it will 
be enough to describe in general the characteristics 
and interests of the entire period, noting as we go 
along those traits that are modified or expanded 
by growing experience and reason. 



THE CHILD 21 

The fact is that the characteristics of early child- 
hood live on through all the Junior years, modified 
in various ways. Early childhood, or the years 
from one to six or seven, is the play period. The 
child thinks of his activities. His environment, 
the strange world about him, awakens his curiosity, 
and his little head is full of questions. He is hun- 
gering for experience. He tries to reproduce in 
his own life the things he sees around him. He is 
imitative. He plays games taken from life or from 
stories he has heard ; he is soldier, hunter, preacher, 
knight, engineer, and so forth. Girls are wrapped 
up in their dolls, reproducing adult life. It is this 
hunger for experience, unrestrained by reason, that 
gives the child what is called the roving disposi- 
tion. He has no thought of danger as he w r anders 
away. It never occurs to him that he is doing 
wrong or causing anxiety and pain. Thought is 
uncontrolled and is immediately translated into 
action. He thinks of walking off, and away he 
goes. To think is to do; impulse rules, without 
consideration of effects. Indeed a child does not 
at this age reason from cause to effect at all. His 
experience will gradually teach him this truth, as 
when a hot stove burns his fingers. He will recall 
later, when tempted to touch another hot stove, 
what happened the last time he did this. Repeated 
incidents of this kind cause him to reflect. Life 
is admirably suited to awaken the reasoning fac- 



22 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

ulty, and experience is one of its methods. 

In early childhood, then, we find the roots of 
many traits that develop later. Take the collect- 
ing instinct which in more mature life becomes a 
hobby or a science. Before seven it manifests it- 
self in a crude way. Examine a boy 's pockets and 
see what they contain — nails, string, a top, a piece 
of wire, spools, and so on. There is a dim impulse 
to annex things (the roots, perhaps, of the rights 
of property), but everything is very crude, for the 
mental activity of the period is narrow. 

The Body. — The growth of the body is accom- 
panied by great physical activity or play. Run- 
ning games are in favor. With growing control 
over his muscles and with increasing intelligence, 
the child begins to take pride in his skill. His 
thought is concentrated on what he is doing. He 
is a thoroughgoing individualist. Team play is 
beyond him — he cannot yet put himself into the 
place of the other fellow. He cannot see why he 
should subordinate himself for the good of the 
team or the winning of a game. He wants to win, 
of course, but the emphasis is on himself ; he wants 
to win. Group games do not therefore make the 
same appeal to young children as games which call 
forth the full powers of each player on his or her 
own behalf. 

Physical activity, skill, individualism are accom- 



THE CHILD 23 

panied by a growing apprehension of ends. The 
acts of the child become purposeful as reason be- 
gins to come into his own. The child is still im- 
pulsive, but we see checks rising in the mind that 
tend to call a halt, and there is a more or less clear 
choice of purposes and more tenacity in holding 
to a course once decided upon. A young child can 
easily be coaxed to give up a purpose or relinquish 
a desire simply by placing a new object of desire 
before him. But in later childhood this is more 
difficult. The child knows what he wants. 

Imitation, already seen in early childhood, grows 
more effective after the age of seven. The child 
still plays games taken from grown-up life. He is 
in reality trying to experience such life as he sees 
around him, trying to get the "feel" of it, trying 
it on himself as one might try on a suit of clothes. 
Thus the child will play house or school, or act as 
policeman, fireman, preacher, engineer, farmer, 
tramp, according to his experience and in order 
that he may be these people. He really desires to 
be the persons he imitates; for the time being they 
are his heroes. With great frankness boys or girls 
will tell you what they want to be in life; own a 
candy store (evidently that they may eat all the 
candy they please), be policemen, showmen, bare- 
back riders, cowboys, soldiers, seamen, and so 
forth. Probably fifty out of every hundred girls 
have at some time wished to be milliners or dress- 



24 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

makers. If you discuss the matter with them they 
will reason out their preference, and the reasons 
will seem cogent to them, however childish they 
appear to adult intelligence. 

In connection with imitation it should be said 
that these years are years of great suggestibility. 
The child is liable to do the thing he sees or that 
is suggested to him. And suggestion is made not 
only in words but in pictures, in books, in shows, 
in entertainments. The mind is plastic; the emo- 
tions rule ; so that almost anything that will touch 
a child's interest can be deeply impressed on his 
nature. This fact is one that the Junior superin- 
tendent should never forget. Everything that 
happens before the eyes of a child is a suggestion 
and will produce some effect upon his character, 
good or bad, according to the nature of the thing. 

The Mind. — Imitation, of course, is a mental 
trait although it issues in physical activity. The 
powers of the mind grow apace. After seven curi- 
osity is quite as keen as before. Questions are 
freely asked, but with growing intelligence. Mem- 
ory is at its best. The perceptions that have come 
through the senses have become assimilated and 
grouped and arranged. Memory labels and can 
recall all sorts of experiences. Memory is simply 
the retention of impressions and ideas, which in- 
cludes the power to recall them when wanted. 



THE CHILD 25 

Imagination is the combining of ideas and impres- 
sions so that new ideas arise out of them. At this 
age memory and imagination are active, as we 
have said, trying on life, reaching out like an eager 
hand for more. Imagination will grow deeper 
and richer later in life, but memory will never be 
better than in the Junior years from seven to thir- 
teen. 

The crude collections of childhood give place 
now to more elaborate ones. Desire is strong — 
for desire is at the very bottom of life itself — and 
it is not always properly controlled by reason and 
experience. Desire is personal, of course; that is, 
what a child desires he desires for himself, and 
this makes for individualism. The interests of the 
child are always self-centred. The world has one 
centre — himself. The importance of things is 
judged by the w T ay in which they affect him. He 
will grow out of this in time ; but it is essential that 
we understand how he looks upon things until he 
learns better or is taught different. 

The Junior is gaining skill and he will show 
more attention now to the details of the things he 
makes. His will is gaining in forcefulness, and 
sometimes the lack of experience combined with 
vigorous will power look to us almost like obstin- 
acy. Susceptibility to impressions is very great, 
and many a life is destroyed from this cause at this 
early age. 



26 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

The key to the understanding of childhood is the 
realization of the child's position and his lack of 
mental equipment. It would be very easy to over- 
emphasize the difference between children and 
grown persons. There is a difference, of course, 
which must be kept in mind, but it is the differ- 
ence between immaturity and experience. The 
variations are on the surface and are non-essen- 
tial ; the similarities are in the depths and are fun- 
damental. All the capacities of a grown person's 
mind are potential in the child. It is true that 
the brain of a child is smaller than that of a man ; 
but it is made of the same stuff. It is true that a 
man's experience is much larger than that of a 
child, but every day is bringing the child closer to 
the man in this respect. He has in an immature 
state all the capacities of manhood and maturity. 
He has thought, feeling, and will. The child's 
mind works under the same laws of association 
as a man's mind. If it were essentially different 
from the mind of an adult we could not hope to 
understand it at all. 

Suppose we were introduced to a new planet, 
Mars, let us say, where life and emotion and intel- 
lect are enormously more mature than anything 
we have ever known on earth. We should be forced 
to reconstruct all our thinking and feeling if we 
were to fit ourselves to that new life. We should 
surely hunger for those experiences that yet lay 



THE CHILD 27 

outside of our knowledge, and we should doubtless 
make mistakes and appear to the Martians as very 
childish beings if we had nothing to guide us in the 
selection of our courses except our narrow experi- 
ence, and had not the sense to trust wise leader- 
ship. That is the position of the child. It is in a 
new world and is as yet a stranger. 

The Child's Interests. — Some one has said that 
the art of education is that of appealing to the 
child's interests and guiding them aright. 

Now, as we have seen, the early interests of the 
child are mostly physical and active, and these 
interests remain throughout childhood. There is 
the play interest, very wide and very important, 
which indeed has a physical basis, but has mental 
and moral values as well. Play includes imitation, 
as in all sorts of games and handwork; for desire 
is strong to make things, to handle and win mas- 
tery over all kinds of material. These interests 
are good for health ; they develop the muscles, giv- 
ing necessary control over the body, and they also 
develop skill in all tasks. The child does not live 
in a group of separate compartments, with play in 
one, memory in another, and so on, but is a grow- 
ing person and must be studied in terms of per- 
sonality. Physical activity therefore cannot be 
physical alone, for it has an effect on the mind 
and the heart ; it teaches the child to think and to 



28 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

feel. There is no better way to educate the child 
in some directions than through the instinct to 
play. 

Mental interests are seen in curiosity, in ability 
to take pains in working out details, in reasoned 
purposes, in the joy that comes from memorizing, 
in attaining knowledge, in entering into the ex- 
perience of others, in making collections, and so on, 

Thought, Feeling, and Will. — An analysis of 
mental processes reveals three phases of mental 
activity, thought, feeling, and will. This divi- 
sion, is helpful, but we must not imagine that 
there is an essential difference between these 
three processes. They are never utterly separated. 
There never was thought which had no tinge of 
feeling, or feeling tha,t had no tinge of thought, 
at least in human beings. The self or the ego 
is central; it is the self that thinks, that feels, 
that wills, and sometimes it does all three at 
once. Feeling is only an aspect of thought. 
So is will. If there were no thought there could 
be neither feeling nor will; and there would be 
nothing at all without the central ego, the per- 
son who experiences all three. 

Thought is tha.t mental process which results 
in knowledge. It is primarily fed by the senses : 
sight, touch, hearing, taste, smell. Through 
these channels the outer world enters into the 



THE CHILD 29 

ego and makes an impression on the person, and 
intellect interprets that impression. It detects 
a meaning in it. In its simplest form knowl- 
edge is the interpretation of sensation. This is 
the foundation even of the highest kind of knowl- 
edge. 

On the other hand feeling has to do with the 
pleasure or pain that result from experience or 
impressions. The color of a rose, or the smell 
of a flower may produce a thrill of feeling or of 
pleasure; the sight of ugliness or of an accident 
will produce a feeling of pain. Who does not 
know the pang of disappointment? Who has 
not experienced the thrill of beautiful music? 
A good deal of our thinking, if we were to ana- 
lyze it, would be found to be colored by our 
emotions. 

Will is not something distinct from thought. 
It is thought that arrives at a decision. The 
mind is not merely a mirror that receives in its 
depths every image presented before it. It is 
not passive. It is moved to intense activity by 
impressions made upon it. The entering thought 
is like a chemical thrown into a crucible that 
already contains other chemicals. Not only do 
the contents of the mind rise to welcome or re- 
ject a newcomer, but the ego also takes a hand. 
Of course the ego may be prejudiced by the pres- 



30 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

ence of many other thoughts that it has made 
welcome before. But prejudiced or not, it acts. 
This action of the mind is termed will. The 
outgoing response to the incoming impression 
is will. In common speech, when the mind de- 
termines to act, this determination is called an 
act of will. 

Now the child has thought, as yet immature 
and narrow; and feeling, more or less uncon- 
trolled by reason; and will. The aim of the 
teacher is to instruct and guide all three. Un- 
controlled feeling driving a weak will must 
wreck life. Therefore thought must be trained, 
instructed, and fitted to be the master of the 
person's destiny, the pilot of the soul. It will 
be the duty of the superintendent, as we shall 
see later, to give the Juniors the right material 
for thought, to fill eager minds with true con- 
ceptions, and to direct the awakening feelings 
and the growing will into right channels and 
toward noble purposes. 

Instinct. — Instinct is an inherited tendency to 
perform certain acts when a definite stimulus is 
given. We find something corresponding to it 
in plants which seek the light, and of course in 
animals it is found everywhere. Samuel Butler 
calls it inherited memory; others have named it 
inherited capability or habit. Spencer says it 



THE CHILD 31 

resembles an organized memory. It shows itself 
in acts that are not reasoned, yet seem to serve 
a very clear purpose. The sucking babe is obey- 
ing an instinct. It has not learned and does not 
need to learn the art. A bee plunders flowers 
on its first flight. A chick is not many hours old 
before it makes darts at flies. Instincts are born 
with us, a fact which distinguishes them from 
habits, which are acquired. 

But instincts are not always permanent; they 
sometimes fade away, and they can be overcome. 
No instinct is stronger than fear, yet we know 
that fear can be conquered. When an instinct 
is not given a chance to express itself, it will die 
out. All young chicks follow the mother hen, 
but incubator chicks very soon lose this tendency 
and are deaf to all clucking. 

It is important that the Junior superintendent 
should know something about instincts and how 
to control them. They may be so indulged that 
they grow out of all reason: fear in this case be- 
comes cowardice, pugnacity becomes bullying, 
and the perfectly correct instinct of self -protec- 
tion may become selfishness. If properly di- 
rected fear will be under the control of the rea- 
son, pugnacity will become desire to defend the 
weak, and self-protection will be expanded to 
protection of others. This is a fair sample of 
what may be done with the instincts. Left alone 



32 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

and unguided they may run to seed; under con- 
trol they lead to noble actions. 

It should be remembered that the instincts are 
natural and serve a purpose, usually a good one. 
Fear is evidently intended to produce such in- 
stant action as will preserve the person from 
danger or hurt. If a weak animal did not show 
fear when it heard suspicious noises, it would 
not live long, for the strong would get it and sup 
upon its carcass. It is true that fear is of the 
jungle, but in the jungle it served a good end. 
When the need for it is . past, however, it may 
become a handicap, a nervous source of constant 
trouble, and it easily degenerates into cowardice. 

The aim of the superintendent is not to elim- 
inate instincts, but to understand them and con- 
trol them for the good of the child. 

For example, one of the commonest instincts 
is the gregarious, the instinct to herd together. 
Children show this in marked degree. They do 
not like to be left alone. They greatly prefer to 
have an older person in the room with them. A 
little later this instinct manifests itself in the 
formation of clubs and societies. When it takes 
a wrong turn it leads to the gang. The cure is 
not the eradication of the instinct, but the organ- 
ization of something better than the gang. But 
a superintendent would never think of this unless 
she knew something about the instinct which was 



THE CHILD 33 

at work in the child's life. That is why people 
sometimes stand aghast at a boy's inexplicable 
tendency to associate with the street-corner 
crowd. Good people should know a little about 
the boy's nature and feed his desires. 

When a Junior society is proposed to a group 
of children of seven years old or more, the idea 
appeals to this instinct of gregariousness. They 
want to be with their kind in spite of the fact 
that they are individualists. Aristotle was not 
thinking about children, but he hit upon the rea- 
son for this instinct when he said that man needs 
society to provide him with opportunities to de- 
velop the most essential qualities of his own char- 
acter and to furnish an outlet for his own proper 
activities. The lonely child cannot develop as he 
should, because nature has wisely ordained that 
full development shall take place in an environ- 
ment in which there are other children. A large 
part of a child's education, in the home, in the 
school, and in the society, comes from the other 
children present. Children crave sympathy. 
They desire to show their powers. When they 
are happy their joy is increased when others are 
present to share it; when they are sad their pain 
is relieved if there are others to whom they can 
tell their woes. 

Throughout the Junior age, that is, up to 
thirteen or thereabouts, children gravitate to- 



34 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

gether and find pleasure in one another's company. 
Here are the roots of social life ; friendships 
formed here will deepen in the teen years. The 
Junior society provides a fine opportunity to meet 
the child's need and give him his chance to grow 
along with others of his age. 

It may be well to note that, as we have pointed 
out, while co-operation is difficult for children of 
Junior age, the beginnings of. it are nevertheless 
present in them. The self is the child's centre, 
but his experience in the society makes him aware 
of the fact of others and he learns in his play that 
they must not merely be used but played with. 
Curiously enough co-operation grows out of com- 
petition; and the consciousness of the worth of 
others, the realization of power added in a game 
by annexing the strength and skill of a comrade, 
emerge out of the experience of competition. In 
the teen age the idea of competition persists, but 
the emphasis has changed. The boy finds himself 
a member of a team and he is with the team to 
win rather than out for himself. 

We have already spoken of the play instinct 
and how play prepares the child for life. Curi- 
osity is strong also. This is the basis of experi- 
mentation later in life, the root of scientific re- 
search. The superintendent will meet it and must 
respect and try to direct it, never to quench the 



THE CHILD 35 

flame or be impatient even when silly questions 
are asked. 

The acquisitive instinct should be guided. 
Juniors should be encouraged to own things, for, 
through realization of their own position as own- 
ers, they learn to respect the ownership of others. 

More important for the Junior superintendent 
is the instinct of construction manifested very 
strongly in the Junior age. Children want to 
make things. They want to master tools and 
handle materials. Very young children are con- 
tent to make things without reference to the pur- 
pose to which they may be put, but in the Junior 
age the object in making things comes more and 
more to the front. Thus it is easy to get Juniors 
to paste picture postal cards ba,ck to back if they 
know that they are to be sent to children across 
the sea, but it would be hard if this work was 
called for without any explanation of the end in 
view. Construction work — that is, the making 
of scenes from Bible story in sand, clay, plastic- 
ene, pasteboard, and so on — makes a direct ap- 
peal to Juniors if the completed work has a 
chance to be used in the society's meetings. Work 
of this kind is in line with nature, and at the same 
time it fixes in the mind the lesson connected with 
the work. 

Remember that children are moved by simple 
instincts and only by more complex emotions such 



36 JUNIOE WORKERS' MANUAL 

as reverence, gratitude, and the like, as they grow 
older and gain experience. The superintendent's 
opportunity is to guide the elementary instincts 
and gradually establish those finer emotions that 
call for intelligence as well as instinct. 

Habit. — Habits may be formed at all ages, but 
the years in which they are most easily formed 
are the Junior years from seven to twelve or thir- 
teen. The physiological basis for habits is the 
nervous system. In every normal body there are 
two sets of nerves, the sensory nerves, which 
carry messages to the brain, and the motor nerves, 
which carry messages from the brain to all parts 
of the body and produce action. Besides this 
sensory-motor system there is another system 
called the sympathetic, which is 1 more or less ob- 
scure, but which in some way seems to be con- 
nected with the condition of our vital organs and 
influences our emotions. 

A thought or an act brings pleasure, let us say, 
to a child, and the thought or the act tends to 
repeat itself, for the child wants to experience 
the pleasure once more. Repetition forms habit, 
which is simply a tendency again to do certain 
things in the same way. The most familiar illus- 
tration of this is the wearing of a path through 
field or forest. The oftener one pa,sses along it 
the better is the path worn. Thoughts and acts 



THE CHILD 37 

wear pathways in the mind, and thought and ac- 
tion travel easily over them. 

Now one thing to note is that habits that bring 
pleasure are most easily formed. The mind ve- 
toes the repetition of a,ction which causes pain. 
To create a habit, therefore, make it pleasant, so 
that the Junior will want to do the thing again. 

Interest is another factor in the creation of 
habits. What we do with force and enthusiasm 
makes a deeper impression than things we do list- 
lessly. Therefore it is not enough to get children 
merely to repeat desirable acts which we wish to 
establish as habits, but to do them with earnest- 
ness and zeal. 

When we speak of habit we think usually of 
actions, but habit is mental quite as much as phy- 
sical, and for that part the mental habits are fully 
as important as the physical. To develop the 
habit of being loud-voiced is bad, but to develop 
that of being irritable is worse. 

It is quite possible for Juniors to build up price- 
less attitudes toward their fellows. There is the 
habit of calmness, of the low voice, of patience, 
of gentleness, of optimism, of service, of unselfish- 
ness, of forgiveness, of seeing the good side of 
things. Then there is the habit of reading good 
books, Shakespeare, the Bible, biographies; the 
habit of prayer, of church attendance, of rever- 
ence, of worship, and of submission to the will of 



38 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

God. If we cut paths like these in the minds of 
the Juniors they will rise in after 3 r ears and call 
us blessed. 

Every incoming impression passing to the brain 
awakens a response, or calls for an outgoing reply 
in the shape of some kind of expression. In adult 
life, and to some extent in the teen age, impulses 
which produce habits are usually chosen deliber- 
ately with an end in view ; but the inexperience of 
the child makes impossible choice of this kind. 
Impulses rise within, of course, out of deep in- 
stincts, but most of the stimulus that creates habit 
comes from the environment. The child is not 
conscious of what is taking place. He receives 
suggestions from his surroundings, from what he 
sees others do, and he imitates what he sees. Very 
soon a habit is established. Here once more is 
the opportunity of the superintendent. Her per- 
sonality, her manner, her tone, her general atti- 
tude, act as suggestions on the plastic mind of the 
Juniors, who imitate what they admire. And, of 
course, the superintendent can also stimulate the 
formation of good habits by her teaching and oral 
suggestion. 

Discipline, by the way, in a Junior society is a 
habit. But this is a matter we must discuss else- 
where. 

Finally, we must remember that habits are not 
isolated. They belong together as parts of one 



THE CHILD 39 

mentality, or one person. They jostle one an- 
other. As in a tropical forest trees straggle des- 
perately to reach the light above, the strong at- 
taining it by vigorous growth, the weak failing 
and fading away, so is it with habits. The strong 
survive. Those that are harmonious, that give 
pleasure, and that interest, survive. When a 
habit-seed is sown it must fight for its life, unless 
it is in harmony with other habits already estab- 
lished. To change the figure, when a new habit 
enters the mind it must either make its peace with 
habits already there, or overcome them. Char- 
acter is a unit. Hence the more desirable habits 
we establish in the minds of Juniors the less 
chance there will be in later years for undesirable 
habits to gain a foothold. The good will over- 
come the evil. Discordant impressions will be 
rejected. 

Wrong habits may be replaced by right ones. 
The child that holds a pen wrongly can be shown 
the proper way. The habit of speaking loudly 
can be overcome by the habit of speaking quietly. 
A habit tends to push out its opposite. 

The method of establishing habits may be 
stated very briefly thus : 

1. Enlist the desire and interest of the child. 
This brings about co-operation on the part of the 
Junior's will, which is the outgoing response to 
the suggestion that awakens his desire. 



40 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

2. Seek to weaken undesirable habits by sup- 
pressing the acts connected with them. When 
habits are not repeated they die out. 

3. Establish the desired habit by enthusiastic 
repetition. 

These are the principles to apply. How to 
apply them will be a study in each instance. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 

What is the Junior age? 

What should a Junior worker know about the child? 

Why is a child's thought different from a grown-up person's? 

Why should we not judge children by our own standards? 

What are the characteristics of early childhood? 

How does later childhood, 7 to 13, differ from early childhood? 

Name some characteristics of later childhood. 

How is the body developed in childhood? 

What is meant by a child's "trying to experience the life he sees 

around him?" 
What is suggestibility? 

What are some mental characteristics of childhood? 
What are the child's chief interests? 
What is meant by thought, feeling, and will ? 
What is instinct? Illustrate it. 

How can we guide the instincts and elevate them? 
What instincts do children manifest? 
What is habit? Illustrate it. 

What is the difference between habit and instinct? 
How can we create good habits ? 



CHAPTER III 

MORALS AND RELIGION 

Children are not born into this world with a 
full-fledged moral nature capable of immediately 
recognizing and choosing good and rejecting evil. 
What a child possesses as his inheritance is a 
capacity for making moral judgments. The seed 
of the moral life is present, but it needs time to 
grow and cultivation to bring it to maturity. 

Education of the Moral Life. — For the child the 
education of the moral life begins when com- 
mands are laid upon it to do certain things, and 
it is prohibited from doing other things. The 
child must respond in some way to these com- 
mands and prohibitions; but his love for those 
giving the commands, usually his parents, and 
his instincts and habits, make obedience more or 
less easy. In this way the idea of duty is gradu- 
ally built up. The parental commands are like 
scaffolding around a building; by and by it will 
be taken down and the work done with its aid 
will stand. 

Such guidance as is given in commands and 

41 



42 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

rules will often seem irksome to a boy ; but as in- 
telligence expands, the meaning of the rules be- 
comes plain and the boy begins to recognize moral 
principles which would apply even if there were 
no rules at all. The emphasis is shifted in late 
boyhood or early adolescence — the teen years — 
from external commands to inner conceptions 
about right and wrong. What was done in child- 
hood because parent or teacher willed it, is now 
done because it is right. The value of careful 
training is seen in the intensity with which a 
youth clings to moral ideals that have been 
established in his earlier years. 

What Morality Means to Children. — Our imme- 
diate interest, however, is in what morality means 
to a girl or boy of Junior age. 

As we have already seen, children are often wil- 
ful, sometimes cruel, often thoughtless and way- 
ward, and more or less uncontrolled in temper. 
They imitate the lives of adults, but without put- 
ting into their acts the thoughts and motives 
which adults put into theirs. Most of the faults 
of children are the faults of immature intelligence. 
"They know not what they do." Juniors may 
do much which older people call wrong, but the 
act will appear to the child in quite a different 
light; the evil motive will be lacking; and often 
the child will have difficulty in understanding 



MORALS AND RELIGION 43 

why grown-ups make such a fuss about what 
seems to him such a harmless thing. 

Take the Lying Habit. — It is notorious that 
many children often fail to tell the truth. Why? 
There may be various reasons. The child may 
be ignorant and be unable to say exactly what he 
has seen or heard. He may have imagined the 
things that he says, and be unable to distinguish 
between his imagination and the literal fact. He 
may have little or no realization of the nature of 
his fault. Or he may lie out of self-esteem or in 
self-defence. He wants to stand high in the opin- 
ion of others and the lie seems the easy road ; or 
he may know and fear punishment and lie to es- 
cape it. There is usually a profound failure to 
understand the. moral value of words. When an 
irate father or mother says, "You are lying and 
you know it," they speak the literal truth, but 
they forget that the child's estimate of his words 
is vastly different from theirs. And morality 
rests upon estimate ; it is a system of values. The 
first step toward curing the evil of falsehood in 
a child is to understand the child's motive and 
patiently work toward building up a true estimate 
of falsehood and truth. 

The same principle applies to other faults of 
childhood. If a child steals it is usually because 
its sense of property rights is not developed. If 



44 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

he destroys property, he is usually acting from 
some vague impulse, some suggestion or imagina- 
tion, and without malice or understanding of the 
gravity of its offense. And herein lies one danger 
of the moving-picture theatre and yellow maga- 
zines, including the newspaper. The child finds 
in them suggestions which in favorable circum- 
stances break into action. The sense of moral 
values is not yet powerful enough to check these 
wrong impulses. 

The deep feelings that lie behind adult crime 
are not operative in children. The boy as a rule 
is not vindictive; he does not plan revenge. He 
soon forgets his anger and makes friends again 
easily. 

Child Virtues. — Along with these faults there 
are in children a good many virtues. The child 
is ready to be led. He responds easily to love. 
He is a hero-worshipper and will imitate a good 
as readily as a bad example. He is teachable. He 
accepts the opinions of his elders or of those 
whom he respects. When he is told that he has 
done wrong he is willing to believe it ; and often, 
when he repeats such an act, he is ready to make 
confession, provided he feels that he will not be 
misunderstood or drop in the esteem of the per- 
son to whom he confesses the wrong. There is 
grave danger that our adult attitude toward a 



MORALS AND RELIGION 45 

child who confesses wrong-doing, or who is dis- 
covered in wrong-doing, may drive him to se- 
cretiveness, of which lying is merely a phase, or 
an attempt to cover up his wrong. 

On the other hand, when children get the idea 
of right and wrong they soon appreciate the fact 
that wrong-doing should be punished. This is 
one of the lessons which superintendents should 
teach the Juniors. Sin and punishment are con- 
nected, and the punishment is good for the sinner. 
Juniors will see this and it may help them to 
"take their medicine." 

One point to remember in the Junior age is that 
faults need not always be approached by the meth- 
od of frontal attack. We can overcome them by 
crowding them out by their opposites. Irritable- 
ness can be conquered by establishing the habit 
of courtesy, and we shall make progress in the 
setting up of moral character if we can teach the 
Juniors to be honest, truthful (in spite of lapses), 
loyal, kind, sympathetic, and so forth. 

Juniors, however, do not really comprehend ab- 
stract ideas. Our lessons must be put into con- 
crete form. A lesson on truthfulness gets home 
to the heart if it is linked up with a story about 
one who is truthful. 

The Child's Religion. — Without attempting an 
exhaustive analysis and definition of religion, we 



46 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

may say that fundamentally religion is the rela- 
tion of the soul to God. The form that religion 
takes, and the effects it has on the life, depend 
upon how that relation is conceived. Men may 
have very wrong ideas about both God and their 
relation to Him, yet the fact that they conceive 
a relation at all is significant and calls for expla- 
nation. 

Viewed from this angle religion is a state of 
mind. It is not something different from ordinary" 
mental processes, thought, feeling, and will, but 
simply the application of these faculties to the 
conception of God and duty. If religion were a 
thing apart we should not need to study the mind 
of the child in order to teach it; but since it is 
the action of thought, feeling, and will in relation 
to the Eternal, it is clear that we must study 
these mental processes if we are to guide the child 
into true religious relations. 

As we have already said, the religion of child- 
hood is different from that of maturity, because 
the child is immature and his experiences are 
limited. Nevertheless, the religion of childhood 
is quite as real as that of manhood, although it is 
neither so deep nor so rich. Many of the concep- 
tions of maturity are quite beyond the capacity 
of a child's mind. A boy or girl may understand 
simple sums in arithmetic, yet be at sea in higher 
mathematics. In religion it is the same. Inade- 



MORALS AND RELIGION 47 

quate conceptions will expand as intelligence 
grows. 

The Junior readily absorbs the religious ideas 
presented to him. Answers to questions which 
appear woefully inadequate to the adult set the 
child's mind at rest. He will accept statements 
about God, heaven, eternity, sin, atonement, con- 
version, and so forth, with simple faith. He has 
not yet reached the questioning and doubting 
stage ; that will come in adolescence or the teen 
years. 

But just here lies a great danger. If a teacher 
takes the easy way and puts a child off with 
answers to his questions which he is bound to dis- 
cover later are not true, nature will take revenge. 
For the youth in his teens will review those an- 
swers we give him in his Junior years. If he finds 
that some of them are false his faith in the others 
will be gravely shaken and he may reject all of 
them. The teaching that is given children should 
be simple enough for the child mind to grasp, and, 
while it must in the nature of the ca,se be inade- 
quate, it should be true as far as it goes. More- 
over, the child should be taught that the answer 
given is not a full one and that a complete ex- 
planation is impossible until later in life. This 
will take the edge of much doubt and save him 
from many a shock. 

The child's religion is personal. That is, his 



48 JUNIOK WORKERS' MANUAL 

attachment is to a person rather than to a doc- 
trine. Hence children may be led definitely to 
accept Christ as their Saviour, Guide, Master, 
Friend, and they will try to follow Him. When 
they do this habits of great value are established 
that influence the whole after-life. 

The kind of teaching given to children makes 
an impression that is carried forward into the 
teen years. When the teaching of childhood lays 
emphasis on sin and atonement, this teaching is 
likely to issue in adolescence in a definite type of 
conversion, if it issues in conversion at all. A 
different kind of teaching will produce a different 
kind of experience. This is why the religious in- 
struction of childhood is transcendently import- 
ant. Its influence persists. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 

How does the education of the child's moral life proceed? 

What does morality mean to children? 

What may a child's view of lying be? 

What is the difference between many of childhood's sins and a 

grown-up's faults? 
What are some of the child's virtues? 
How may we teach and reinforce virtue? 
What is religion? 

How does the religion of childhood differ from that of maturity? 
In teaching religion what ought we to guard against? 



CHAPTER IV 
THE SUPERINTENDENT'S TASK 

The task of the superintendent is educational. 
Here is the child with latent capacities. In day 
school he receives instruction; in Sunday school 
he receives more instruction; what is to be the 
contribution of the Junior society to his equip- 
ment? 

First of all, the greatest fact about the child is 
the fact of personality. It is this marvelous self 
that is to be trained. Whatever helps to develop 
the native powers of the self is good; whatever 
cramps, or hinders, or perverts these powers, is 
evil. 

We have seen that children are impulsive in 
thought and act. True education will seek to 
bring about control in all directions. Education 
is more than the impartation of knowledge. It is 
more even than the conferring of mastery over 
intellect, emotion, and will. It is the development 
of character, the establishment of noble ideals. 
The superintendent's task is wider and deeper 
than that of a teacher. She is a character-maker, 
a builder of souls. Her starting-point will be the 

49 



50 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

nature of the child, and the aim of her endeavor 
will be ethical, or the creation of right ideals and 
the power of self-control necessary to attain these 
ideals. 

In a general way this is also the aim of the 
Sunday-school teacher, but the method is different. 
The Sunday school is predominantly a school of 
impression. Its main aim is to develop character 
by instruction. It fails of its mission if it does 
not impart knowledge of the Bible and the great 
facts of religion. But the society is predominant- 
ly a school of expression. It imparts knowledge, 
but not so much by teaching as by doing. It 
makes the child familiar with the Bible through 
memory work and drills — that is, through hand- 
ling the book. Its appeal to the intellect is not 
by way of imparting knowledge, but by training 
the child to think for himself. The emphasis is 
upon action. 

There are thus a few general principles which 
may help the superintendent in training Juniors. 
Most of them have already been treated, but we 
may summarize them thus: 

1. The Junior should be approached through 
his interest. The superintendent should try to 
keep within the experience of the child when 
making any appeal. Whatever arouses interest, 
— story, drawing, or object, — forms a point of 
contact without which words are idle. 



THE SUPERINTENDENT'S TASK 51 

2. In teaching children we should begin with 
the concrete rather than the abstract. You will 
probably fail if you try to interest a child in bo- 
tany; but if you show him a flower and explain 
its beauties, you get his interest at once and he 
will follow you wherever you will. In morals and 
religion it is the same. Use concrete examples, 
stories, incidents. As the Junior's intelligence 
grows he will gain facility in grasping abstract 
truth. 

3. The superintendent will make use of the 
fact that Juniors are ready to receive truth on 
the authority of the instructor. At the same 
time she will use as little dogmatic authority as 
possible. Thus, when a Junior offers a manifestly 
wrong explanation of anything, the superinten- 
dent should not crush him by sheer weight of 
authority, but try to enlighten the mind and show 
how the opinion does not fit the facts. Even then 
care is needed lest we harm the sensitive soul. 
Rather try to find something of truth in the ex- 
planation, praise that, and make this the point of 
departure for a fuller, truer statement. We need 
tact. 

4. The superintendent should encourage the 
Juniors to think for themselves. Education fails 
if it does not turn out men and women who have 
command of their intellectual powers .and can 
think things through for themselves. It is easy to 



52 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

be lazy in one's thinking, and therefore ha,zy in 
one's thought. We begin enterprises without 
thinking them to the end, without counting the 
cost. We shall do Juniors a great service if we 
can lead them to think clearly, to make reasoned 
decisions, and to carry out their purposes. Their 
attempts may at first be faltering and even futile, 
but they will be gaining power. A question giv- 
en to a Junior to answer in the meeting, if it is 
given a week in advance, is a fine method of teach- 
ing by expression. 

5. Children live in a concrete and interesting 
world. Has it no message for them ? We believe 
it has, and that they can be led to enjoy nature 
and find in it traces of the Creator's wisdom. 
Connect nature with Ood. He made it, controls 
it, and it speaks of Him; His footsteps are seen 
everywhere. Such teaching is developed more 
fully in the teen age and is' very valuable. 

6. The child is a bundle of instincts, as we 
have seen, all of them good until perverted. The 
superintendent will need a working knowledge 
of these instincts and learn how to guide them 
aright. The center of the instincts is the self. 
Self-preservation is good ; but when it is perverted 
and becomes selfishness it is bad. The Juniors 
must be taught what is due to themselves and also 
what is pure selfishness. Personality is sacred 
and must be guarded like a precious possession. 



THE SUPERINTENDENT'S TASK 53 

Study the section on instincts and think of how 
to make use of them — curiosity, memory, desire 
to make things. Handwork in the society (ex- 
plained in a booklet published by the United 
Society of Christian Endeavor, "Handwork for 
Juniors"), makes a strong appeal and has edu- 
cational value. 

7. Establish right habits in the child. There 
are the habits of daily prayer, of reading the 
Bible daily, of memorizing a Bible verse every 
day, of courtesy, of doing a good turn every day, 
of obedience, and so forth. 

8. Then there are work and play. Recreation 
should be part of the programme of the society. 
Socials, picnics, hikes, games, athletics should be 
carried out under the leadership of the superin- 
tendent and her assistants. Emphasis should be 
placed on the value of doing chores in the home 
that the habit of seeing and performing every- 
day duties may be achieved. 

9. Think of the effect of the superintendent's 
personality. It is hardly too much to say that 
what a superintendent teaches is less important 
than what she is. Both children and youths form 
strong attachments to their teachers and imitate 
them. Juniors will reflect the traits of the super- 
intendent. Example is powerful. 

10. Can we make the Juniors realize the pres- 
ence of Christ in the Junior meeting? We believe 



54 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

this is possible. They will have no difficulty with 
the fact that He is invisible. For them, if they 
are taught so, He will be present, and they will 
look upon Him with devotion and love. He 
should always be held up as the Great Example. 
Children will love the superintendent, but they 
will adore Christ; they will admire her, but Him 
they will worship. 

11. Discipline must be maintained in a Junior 
meeting. The great obstacle is the restlessness 
of the children. It is hard for them to sit still. 
There are so few checks between their thoughts 
and their actions that they are in perpetual mo- 
tion. It is obvious that nothing can be accomp- 
lished in a buzz of conversation or the fidgeting 
of a crowd. 

First of all, gain the attention of the Juniors. 
There are two ways of doing this. The first 
method is external, the ringing of a bell, or the 
slamming of a ruler on the desk. The sudden 
noise startles the Juniors and for a brief moment 
drives out other thoughts. But the noise begins 
again, and by and by even the exasperated slam- 
ming of the ruler on the desk makes no impression 
at all. 

The second method makes its appeal to the 
mind. It touches the springs of interest. Perhaps 
it is some quiet statement that connects itself 
with a common interest. Perhaps it is nothing 



THE SUPERINTENDENT'S TASK 55 

but the appearing of the superintendent in her 
place. 

For Discipline Is a Habit. — If the Juniors are 
taught to be still the moment the superintendent 
takes her place, just as the church is hushed when 
the pastor enters the pulpit, they will be still. It 
may take both time and effort to establish this 
habit. The reason for it should be explained over 
and over again until it becomes a part of the 
child's very being. The reason is that the meet- 
ing is a part of the divine service; that God is 
truly present; and that in His presence we must 
be reverent. Whatever will conduce to give the 
children a sense of the Presence will help disci- 
pline. The opening service should have this as 
its one aim — always : silent prayer ; the repetition 
of some Scripture verse like, "The Lord is in his 
holy temple, let all the earth keep silence be- 
fore him." 

Again, a basis for discipline is love for the su- 
perintendent. Children do not willingly hurt or 
vex those they love. 

Then, of course, there are other aids which are 
perfectly legitimate. The assistant superinten- 
dents are a great help. One superintendent may 
manage a small society, but if the society is large 
or the majority of the children are under nine, it 
is difficult for the superintendent to control it all 



56 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

the time. Several assistants should be present to 
help. Members of the Senior society may be en- 
listed to serve. 

Also, put some responsibility for discipline on 
the Juniors themselves. Make some of the older 
ones monitors. Seat the children in rows with a 
monitor at the end of each row. The monitors 
should have deportment books in which to keep 
a record of the behavior of the Juniors in their 
charge. In contests deportment should be made 
a principal point and marks should be given 
for it. 

A grave question is what to do with the boy or 
girl who does not respond to discipline. In the 
first place we must rid our minds of the adult 
conception of badness. A restless boy is not 
necessarily bad. He is not necessarily bad when 
he is mischievous. In lack of discipline there is 
rarely any malice. Often it has been possible to 
enlist such a boy on the side of order by the simple 
expedient of giving him something to do, even 
making him a monitor and holding him respon- 
sible for the behavior of others. 

If this fails take him aside — but take care that 
the other Juniors do not see it — and have a heart 
to heart talk with him. Invite him to your home, 
feed him, and then have a chat with him. Take 
him gently. Explain kindly the necessity of or- 
der. Appeal to his chivalry. 



THE SUPERINTENDENT'S TASK 57 

If the first talk does not help, try another. 
If that brings no improvement there are two other 
steps to take. 

First, you may go to the child's parents and 
tell the facts. This should not be done, however, 
unless you are positive that you can do so with 
tact and sympathy. Parents naturally think 
that their children can do no wrong, or not 
much wrong, and their instinct is to defend the 
child. On the other hand a mother very soon 
sees whether or not a superintendent loves her 
child. If she is convinced that the superintend- 
ent loves the child, she will listen and co-operate 
gladly. A visit to parents therefore should only 
follow the most earnest and honest heart-search- 
ing. Unless you can win the parents it is best 
not to go near them to complain about boy or 
girl. In any case do not complain. Praise the 
child's good points. Tell of the use he might be 
in the society if he could only be a little more 
orderly. Show that you want him and need 
him. 

If, after all this, the evil continues and your 
work is being nullified the next thing to do is to 
carry the problem to the pastor. Tact is needed 
here also. The whole situation should be ex- 
plained and help asked. Possibly the presence 
of the pastor in a few meetings might cure the 
trouble. If not, follow his advice in dealing 



58 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

with, the boy. If the child must be expelled that 
the society may not be made useless, this step 
should be taken only by the pastor. He should 
come and explain the matter to the Juniors. 
He should also explain it to the parents. A mat- 
ter so serious as this should have the highest 
sanction, and the Juniors should feel its serious- 
ness. 

Fortunately this extreme step will not often 
be necessary. The superintendent will endure a 
good deal before she will resort to it. 

Some superintendents have solved the problem 
by getting a young man from the Senior society 
to take half a dozen of the most restless boys and 
after the opening exercises, teach them in another 
room. 

One superintendent tried this method. She 
holds a weekly social hour with games, singing, 
and so on, every Saturday afternoon. There are 
a number of assistants in this society and they 
take turns in helping. This social hour is for 
members of the society only — special socials being 
held for outsiders. When a boy or girl misbe- 
haves the punishment is that he is told he must 
not come to the following weekly social hour. 
This has had an excellent effect. The Juniors 
have the best of times on these social occasions 
and forego them only reluctantly. 

Even when a weekly social is not possible, the 



THE SUPERINTENDENT'S TASK 59 

principle may be applied. When the Juniors 
understand that misbehavior means that they will 
be barred from the next social, they will think twice 
before they "cut up." The superintendent must 
be firm and carry through this stern discipline, if 
she hopes to succeed. 

What to Teach. Sometimes a Junior superin- 
tendent asks the question, What shall I teach the 
Juniors? What kind of subjects do they most 
need ? Here is a list, not complete by any means, 
but suggestive. Emphasis should be put on the 
positive virtues, but the opposite vices are given in 
case the superintendent should desire to use them 
by way of warning. 



Virtues 

FOR THE BODY 

1. Tidiness, cleanliness. 

2. Exercise, play, work, 
skill. 



Vices 

FOR THE BODY 

1. Untidiness, dirt. 

2. Laziness, inaptitude. 



FOR THE MIND 

1. Self-control. 

2. Prudence. 

3. Courage. 

4. Industry. 

5. Accuracy and thorough- 
ness. 

6. Perseverance. 



FOR THE MIND 

1. Impulsiveness. 

2. Imprudence. 

3. Cowardice. 

4. Indolence, laziness. 

5. Inaccuracy, careless- 
ness, superficiality. 

6. Instability. 



60 



JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 





Virtues 




Vices 




FOR THE MIND 




FOR THE MIND 




(Con1 


Jimed) 




7. 


Patience. 


7. 


Impatience. 


8. 


Self-reliance. 


8. 


Too much dependence 
on others. 


9. 


Reason. 


9. 


No thought for conse- 
quences. 


10. 


Fidelity. 


10. 


Unfaithfulness. 


11. 


Making collections. 


11. 


No hobbies. 


12. 


Purposefulness, appre- 
hension of ends. 


12. 


Drifting. 


13. 


Will and choice. 


13. 


Influenced by others. 


14. 


Imitation. 


14. 


Imitation of evil. 


15. 


Curiosity and how to 
gratify it. 


15. 


Stupidity. 


16. 


Use of the memory. 


16. 


An empty mind. 


17. 


Using the imagination. 


17. 


Lack of wit. 


18. 


Calmness. 


18. 


Excitability, anger. 


19. 


Gentleness. 


19. 


Roughness. 


20. 


Hopefulness, optimism. 


20. 


Despair, pessimism. 


21. 


Unselfishness. 


21. 


Selfishness. 


22. 


Service. 


22. 


Doing nothing for oth- 



23. Courtesy. 

24. Reading good books. 

25. Confession of wrong- 
doing. 

26. Sympathy and pity. 

27. Humility. 

28. Meekness. 

29. Ambition to learn. 

30. Clean speech. 



ers. 

23. Boorishness. 

24. Reading bad books. 

25. Secretiveness. 

26. Cruelty or indifference. 

27. Pride. 

28. Boasting. 

29. Indolence. 

30. Foul speech. 



THE SUPERINTENDENT'S TASK 61 



Virtues 

FOE SOCIAL LIFE 

1. Obedience. 

2. Eespect and reverence. 

3. Truthfulness. 

4. Honesty. 

5. Courtesy and manners. 

6. Helpfulness at home 
(chores, etc.). 

7. Love. 

8. Justice. 

9. Kindness. 

10. Generosity. 

11. Co-operation. 

12. Friendliness. 

13. Loyalty. 

14. Patriotism. 

15. Possession, acquisition. 

16. Gregariousness (love of 
company). 

17. Constructiveness. 



Vices 

FOR SOCIAL LIFE 

1. Disobedience. 

2. Disrespect, irreverence. 

3. Lying. 

4. Dishonesty. 

5. Boorishness. 

6. Shirking duties. 

7. Hate. 

8. Injustice. 

9. Cruelty. 

10. Giving nothing away. 

11. Individualism. 

12. Quarrelsomeness. 

13. Disloyalty. 

14. Without love of coun- 
try. 

15. Stealing. 

16. Careless of others. 

17. Destructiveness. 



FOE THE SOUL 



FOE THE SOUL 



1. 


Worship and reverence. 


1. 


Irreverence. 


2. 


Obedience. 


2. 


Disobedience. 


3. 


Faith. 


3. 


Disbelief. 


4. 


Love. 


4. 


Hate. 


5. 


Prayer. 


5. 


No recognition of God 


6. 


Praise. 


6. 


Temper. 


7. 


Church- going. 


7. 


Non-church-going. 



62 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

Virtues Vices 

FOE THE SOUL FOR THE SOUL 

(Continued) 

8. Love of the beautiful 8. Blindness to beauty in 
in nature. nature. 

9. Love of beauty in art. 9. Blindness in art. 

10. Love of beauty in con- 10. Blindness in conduct, 
duct. 

11. Love of beauty in char- 11. Blindness in character, 
acter. 

Then, of course, there are Bible subjects, such 
as God, the life beyond, sin, conversion, repent- 
ance, fear, lust, irritableness, gossip, vindictive- 
ness, revenge, and so on. 



QUESTIONS FOE REVIEW 

What is the task of the superintendent? 

How does the superintendent's task differ from that of a Sun- 
day-school teacher? 

What are some principles to remember in dealing with Juniors ? 

What is the external method of discipline? 

What is the internal method? 

What are some fundamentals of discipline? 

What should be done with the child who does not respond to 
discipline ? 

How may we use the social life of the society to buttress dis- 
cipline? 

Name some topics that should be taught to Juniors. 



CHAPTER V 

QUALIFICATIONS OF THE 
SUPERINTENDENT 

Most young women or young men who are will- 
ing to learn may become efficient superinten- 
dents. Since the church has no school for train- 
ing superintendents, those that have had a gen- 
eral training in the Senior society as a rule will 
have a sound foundation of knowledge of method 
upon w r hich to build. For the rest, experience 
will come. 

We do not look for perfection in Junior super- 
intendents any more than we do in Sunday- 
school teachers. But there are certain quali- 
fications tha,t may be looked for. 

The first is love. — No one can be a real success 
with children who does not love them. On the 
other hand love of children grows on one the 
closer we get to them. And, by the way, there 
is a fine reward in this; for the more we love 
childhood, the greater becomes our capacity to 
love not only human beings but God himself. 
One of the commonest sorts of soul-poverty is a 

63 



64 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

lack of capacity to love. Without that capacity 
we cannot love God. But dealing with children 
expands our ability to love, and so rewards us by 
opening channels through which the love of God 
may flow into our hearts. 

The second requirement is personality. — Per- 
sonality is the full self, the sum of our thoughts 
and ambitions. A warm and loving personality 
radiates a benignant influence. It is also a mag- 
net, and attracts. Personality is a living and 
growing reality, expanding with the years tha,t 
pass. The superintendent that impresses her 
ideals on the Juniors and leads them to look up 
to her with love is moulding their lives in a won- 
derful way through her personality. 

The superintendent should be patient. — Chil- 
dren can be exasperating at times, but the superin- 
tendent must not get irrita.ted or grow discour- 
aged. She must be gentle under provocation, 
amiable, no matter how troublesome the Juniors 
may be, kind to the unworthy, and persevering in 
her patience. The Junior society may be quite 
as much an education for the superintendent as 
for the Juniors. This is another of the unrecog- 
nized rewards of the superintendent. The society 
builds up her own character as she builds up the 
character of the children. 



QUALIFICATIONS 65 

The superintendent who flies into a rage will 
fail. How can she teach self-control when she 
does not practise it? To maintain discipline she 
must be calm, serene, master of the situation. 
She should never enter a Junior meeting with- 
out preparation of heart that she may be braced to 
meet whatever situation may arise. 

She must be just. — It is fatal to discriminate 
or play favorites. All must be alike to her, the 
bad (if we may use this term about children) as 
well as the good. Indeed the ones that are dif- 
ficult to manage should receive special attention. 
Often the badness of a child is nothing but a fine 
instinct or energy gone wrong. 

Consecration is another prerequisite for a suc- 
cessful superintendent. — She is a shepherd of 
souls. She is to these children what the pastor is 
to the church. She is more, for she comes into 
closer contact with them than the pastor does 
with his congregation. She knows them better, 
for she talks more with them, and they are less 
secretive than the average grown-up. Her in- 
fluence is constantly upon them. She is in a 
sense master of their destinies. If she does her 
work well, the children of these children will feel 
it, without knowing it. If she does her work 
poorly, an unborn generation will suffer loss. 



66 JUNIOR WORKERS* MANUAL 

I magnify the office of superintendent. It calls 
for whole-hearted consecration and clear vision. 

It calls for tact, of course. — She will need tact 
to attract to her a group of enthusiastic assist- 
ants. The demand that a Senior society elect a 
Junior committee usually fails; but a warm- 
hearted superintendent can make others see her 
vision and come to her aid. She will need tact in 
working with them too. tact in consultation and 
co-operation. 

Finally, there is knowledge. — A superintendent 
may begin with little knowledge of how to carry 
on a Junior society, but she must try to accumu- 
late more. She should as far as possible apply 
the principles of the Senior society to Junior 
work, modified, of course, to meet the needs of 
children. TTe shall speak of helps later. 

The society's work will drive the superin- 
tendent to her Bible. This is clear gain to her 
and is another of those unrecognized rewards. 
A superintendent gets out of a Junior society 
more than she puts in. 

Pastor superintendents. — Not many pastors are 
superintendents, and as a rule should not be ; 
for it is better for a pastor to oversee the work 
done by others than be loaded down with too 






QUALIFICATIONS 



67 



many duties. A pastor's wife makes an excel- 
lent superintendent and many are filling this 
position. It is essential, when this is so, that she 
should surround herself with assistants, so that 
there may be some young people trained to take 
her place when her husband moves to another 
church. 



QUESTIONS FOR EEVIEW 



Name the qualifications of a Junior superintendent? 

Why is love the first qualification ? 

What is meant by personality? 

What is the effect of impatience on a Junior society? 

What dangers lurk in a superintendent's favoritism? 

What is consecration? 

What is tact? 

How should the superintendent study her Bible? 

Should pastors or pastors' wives be Junior superintendent; 



CHAPTER VI 
ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT 

Before attempting to organize a Junior society 
the superintendent should familiarize herself with 
the method of conducting a meeting and carrying 
on committee work. 

If no one is willing to be superintendent, the 
Senior society may appoint a Junior committee of 
three or four members and place responsibility for 
the work on them. Sometimes such a group di- 
vides up the work so that two of the group are 
present every Sunday, the other two being free. 
In this case, however, one of the two who are on 
duty should have been present the week before, 
so that there may be a measure of continuity in the 
programme. The best arrangement, however, is to 
have as superintendent one who w T ill be present at 
every meeting, the others being assistants. 

The steps to be taken to organize a Junior so- 
ciety are these: 

1. Get the pastor's permission to start a society 
and seek his aid. 

2. Secure assistants from the Senior society if 

68 



ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT 69 

possible. Some Junior societies which have been 
conducted by persons who have never belonged to 
a Christian Endeavor society fail to carry out 
the Christian Endeavor principle and become mis- 
sion bands or something of that sort. 

3. Secure the Juniors. Two methods may be 
pursued. First, an attempt may be made to launch 
the society with the greatest possible publicity and 
get as many charter members as possible under the 
impulse of this initial enthusiasm. In that case 
the call for Juniors to attend an organizing meet- 
ing should be given through the church bulletin, 
from the pulpit, in the Sunday school, and adult 
members of the church and church organizations 
should be asked to send children to the meeting. 
Letters may be written to parents, newspaper ad- 
vertising may be used, and an announcement may 
be posted on the church bulletin-board. Perhaps 
a social for children should be tried. 

When the children come, the superintendent 
should carefully explain what the society is and 
how it is conducted. She should read the active 
member's pledge and explain it clause by clause. 
A constitution should be ready and should also be 
read and explained. At the close a copy of the 
pledge should be given to each Junior present. 
This they will take home and bring it signed to the 
next meeting. The following Sunday morning the 
pastor will explain to the congregation what has 



70 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

been done and how they may help the Juniors to 
sign and keep the pledge. A favorable atmosphere 
is a great asset to a new society. 

Some workers prefer to have all begin as pre- 
paratory members, in which case the preparatory 
member 's pledge should be used. This is the better 
method unless one knows the Juniors well. 

At the second meeting the signed pledge cards 
are collected and those Juniors who turn them in 
are considered charter members. The superin- 
tendent will then propose the names of carefully 
selected Juniors as president, vice-president, secre- 
tary, and treasurer. She may appoint chairmen of 
committees at this meeting if she will. This meet- 
ing will close with a short devotional service. The 
following week the names of members on all the 
committees will be posted on the wall and special 
committee meetings will be arranged for under the 
guidance of the superintendent and her assistants. 

The second method is to select from six to a dozen 
Juniors who seem to be leaders of the young folks 
and invite them to your home. When they come 
explain to them your idea of forming a Junior 
society ; show and explain to them both pledge and 
constitution. They will sign the pledge either now 
or at a second meeting. Out of this group elect 
officers and chairmen of committees. This will 
bring into being a skeleton society. 

Then adopt publicity measures to attract other 



ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT 71 

Juniors. If there is any sentiment about the privi- 
lege of being charter members, keep the charter 
membership open for a week or two to give others 
a chance to come in. 

The Assistants. — As a rule try to have several 
assistants. If you wish to w T in the boys get a young 
man from the Senior society to be one of your 
helpers. His special duty will be not only to help 
to keep discipline, but to work with the boys dur- 
ing the week. When handwork is done, he will 
be leader to show the boys how to do it ; he will or- 
ganize athletics, games, baseball club, and at socials, 
picnics, and on hikes he will be indispensable. He 
may be made superintendent of play and recreation 
activities. Boys like to attend track meets and are 
won through their play instinct. 

To each assistant should be assigned definite 
duties. The work done by Junior committees de- 
pends on the leadership of older people. The as- 
sistants should have charge of the committee work, 
several committees being assigned to each assistant. 
These helpers will plan wdth the committee chair- 
men the work of the committee month by month; 
they will attend the committee meetings, but must 
not conduct them;, let the Juniors do that them- 
selves. The superintendent and assistants will 
meet, of course, and lay out the work for the whole 



72 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

season. In this way the society 's work may be uni- 
fied and every part of the society will be working 
with the other parts. 

The assistants may be used in the regular meet- 
ings too. One may have charge of all the society's 
memory work ; another may have charge of all mis- 
sion study; another will guide the handwork; an- 
other may help the Junior secretary and assist in 
getting up Junior posters for advertising the meet- 
ing. A society organized in this way cannot fail 
of success. 

The Membership. — When a society is started the 
superintendent should try to bring in children be- 
tween the ages of seven and twelve. Those above 
this age will gravitate to the Intermediate society; 
but if there is no Intermediate society Juniors up 
to thirteen or thereabouts may come into the Junior 
group. Sometimes there are younger children who 
want to be counted in too. They may be accepted 
as preparatory members. If it is found that they 
are too young to follow the topic, or if they are 
restless and hard to manage, give them a name, 
"Sunbeams," or such like, and let an assistant 
superintendent take them to another room after 
the opening exercises and teach them the topic. 

The Active Member's Pledge. — This reads: 



ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT 73 

Trusting in the Lord Jesus Christ for strength, 
I promise Him that I will strive to do whatever He 
would like to have me do, that I will pray and 
read the Bible every day, and that, just so far as 
I know how, I will try to lead a Christian life. I 
will be present at every meeting of the society 
when I can, and will take some part in every 
meeting. 

Name 

I am willing that should sign 

this pledge, and will do all I can to help 

keep it. 

Parent 's name 

Residence 

The Preparatory Member's Pledge: 

Preparatory Members are those who wish to 
belong to the society, but whose parents are not 
quite ready to let them sign the pledge. They will 
be expected, to attend the meetings regularly, and 
it is hoped that this will be considered simply as 
a preparation for active membership. 

The preparatory members shall take the follow T - 
ing pledge: 

As a preparatory member I promise to be pres- 
ent at every meeting when I can, and to be quiet 
and reverent during the meeting. 



Signed 



74 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

The Constitution. — This follows closely the con- 
stitutions of the Intermediate and Senior societies. 
This is advisable so that the training of the boys 
and girls may follow similar lines in all grades of 
Christian Endeavor. 

Article I. — Name. 
This society shall be called the Junior Society 
of Christian Endeavor of 



Article II. — Object. 

Its object shall be to promote an earnest Chris- 
tian life among the boys and girls who shall become 
members, and prepare them for the active service 
of Christ. 

Article III. — Membership. 

1. The members shall consist of two classes, 
Active and Preparatory.* 

2. Active Members. Any boy or girl between 

the ages of and , inclusive, who shall 

be approved by the Superintendent and Assistant, 
may become an Active member of the society by 
taking the following pledge : 

(Pledge quoted on preceding page.) 

*NOTE — Some societies also provide for Honorary members, 
consisting of the Pastor, President of the Senior Society, and 
mothers that are especially interested in the society and desire 
to help it by their prayers and occasional attendance. 



ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT 75 

Article IV. — Officers. 

The officers of the society shall be one or more 
Superintendents chosen by the Senior Society, 
with the approval of the church and Pastor; 
also a President, Vice-President, Secretary 
and Treasurer, who shall be chosen by the boys and 
girls. There shall also be a Lookout Committee, a 
Prayer-Meeting Committee, a Social Committee, a 
Missionary Committee, and such other committees 
as the Superintendents may deem best. These com- 
mittees shall be nominated by the Superintendents 
and elected by the society. 

Article V. — Duties of Officers. 

1. The Superintendent shall have full control of 
the society. 

2. The Assistant Superintendent shall aid the 
Superintendent in her work. 

3. The President shall conduct the business 
meetings, under the direction of the Superintend- 
ent. 

4. The Vice-President shall act in the absence 
of the President. 

5. The Secretary shall keep a correct list of the 
members, take the minutes of the business meetings 
and call the names at the roll-call meetings. 



76 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

6. The Treasurer shall take up the collections, 
enter the amount in the account-book, and turn 
over the money to the Assistant Superintendent, 
and also enter all expenditures as directed by the 
Superintendent. 

Article VI. — Duties of Committees. 

1. The Lookout Committee shall secure the 
names of any who may wish to join the society, and 
report the same to the Superintendents for action. 
They shall also obtain excuses from members ab- 
sent from the roll-call, and affectionately look after 
and reclaim any who seem indifferent to their 
pledge. 

2. The Prayer -Meeting Committee shall, in con- 
nection with the Superintendent, select topics, as- 
sign leaders, and do what it can to secure faithful- 
ness to the prayer-meeting pledge. 

3. The Social Committee shall welcome the chil- 
dren to the meetings, and introduce them to the 
other members of the society. They may also ar- 
range for occasional sociables. 

Article VII. — Relationship. 

The Junior society is a part of the church, and 
its relation to the Senior Young People's Society 
should be close and intimate. It is expected that 



ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT 77 

when the members of the Junior society have 
reached their age limit, they will enter the Senior 
Society as Active members. 

Article VIII.— Meetings. 

1. A prayer meeting shall be held once every 
week. A consecration meeting shall be held once 
a month, at which the pledge shall be read and the 
roll called, and the responses of the members shall 
be considered a renewal of the pledge of the society. 
If any member is absent from three consecutive 
consecration meetings, without excuse, his name 
may be dropped from the list of members. 

2. Part of the hour of the weekly meeting may, 
if deemed best, be used by the Pastor or Superin- 
tendent of the society for instruction in the Bible, 
doctrines, manners, or morals, or for other exer- 
cises which they may approve. 

BY-LAWS* 

1. The society shall hold a prayer meeting on 

of each week. The last regular 

meeting of each month shall be a consecration 
meeting. The business meeting may be held in con- 



*It is hoped that so far as possible the societies will adhere 
to the Model Constitution, making all necessary local changes in 
the By-laws. 



78 JUNIOR WORKERS ? MANUAL 

nection with the first regular meeting of each 
month. i \ 

2. The officers and committees shall be chosen in 

and and continue six 

months, beginning on the first of the month follow- 
ing their election. 

3. Special meetings of the society may be held 
at any time, at the call of the Superintendent. 

4. A collection shall be taken at the consecra- 
tion meeting, and at the other meetings if desired, 
the money thus obtained to be held available for 
benevolent objects and to meet the expenses of the 
society. 

5. All committees should meet at least once a 
month for consultation with the Superintendent in 
regard to their work. 

6. All expenditures shall be made under the 
direction of the Superintendent. 

7. Other committees may be added, whose duties 
shall be defined as follows : 

The Music Committee shall distribute and collect 
the singing-books, and co-operate with the leader of 
the meeting in trying in every way to make the 
singing a success. 

The Missionary Committee shall arrange for an 
occasional missionary meeting, and seek to interest 
the members in home and foreign work. 

The Temperance Committee shall arrange for an 
occasional temperance meeting, and circulate a tern- 



ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT 79 

perance pledge among the members. 

The Sunday-School Committee shall secure the 
names of children who do not attend Sunday 
school, and invite them to become members of the 
Sunday school. 

The Flower Committee shall provide flowers for 
the Sunday-School room, and distribute fruit and 
flowers to the sick and needy. 

The Scrap-Book Committee shall collect pictures 
and clippings, and make scrap-books for sick and 
disabled members and for distribution in the hos- 
pitals. 

The Belief Committee shall collect clothing for 
the destitute children found in the Sunday school 
and society, and bring it to the Superintendent for 
distribution. 

The Birthday Committee shall report all birth- 
days as they occur among the members, so that spe- 
cial prayer may be offered for each member on his 
or her birthday. 

8. This Constitution and By-laws may be altered 
or amended any time the Superintendents and 
Pastor find it necessary. 

The Equipment. — Superintendent and assistants 
will get books and pamphlets on Christian En- 
deavor work, together with The Junior Christian 
Endeavor World and The Christian Endeavor 
World. Each committee should make a scrap-book 



80 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

and in it paste all plans for work which that com- 
mittee can secure from these and other papers or 
books. 

The superintendents of Junior societies in a 
city or tow r n should frequently meet to discuss 
problems of their work. Junior workers should 
attend Junior Endeavor conventions and meet 
Junior workers from other districts. 

Society Equipment. — Song books will be needed. 
The Juniors will want the Junior song book, 
"Junior Carols," published by the United Society 
of Christian Endeavor, Boston, Mass. 

The more you get Juniors to read Christian En- 
deavor papers the more interest will they manifest. 
Form a club of Junior subscribers to The Junior 
Christian Endeavor World. It is indispensable. 

The United Society also publishes Junior Expert 
leaflets, one leaflet for each officer and for each 
committee. These leaflets outline work for officers 
and committees. Every Junior should have the 
leaflet explaining the work of the committee of 
which he is a member. These leaflets are bound in 
book form, "The Junior Text-Book/ ' When a 
Junior studies this book and passes an examination 
in it he is granted a degree, ' ' Junior Christian En- 
deavor Expert. ' ' 

The society will need topic cards. Every mem- 
ber should also be given a copy of "Junior Prayer- 



ORGANIZATION AND EQUIPMENT 81 

Meeting* Topics and Daily Portion. " This is a 
booklet costing only a few cents, which contains the 
topics and a Scripture reading for every day. 

Some equipment for memory work will be neces- 
sary and may be obtained from the United Society. 
Juniors enjoy memory work. It comes easy to 
them. The mind craves exercise as well as the 
body, and it gets it in this way. Bible texts stored 
in the heart in youth are never utterly forgotten. 

The society should have a Junior Training Chart 
(supplied by the United Society). It contains a 
fine outline of work for a society, a programme 
which superintendents may follow with profit. It 
covers work in the meeting and work for com- 
mittees. 

A Christian Endeavor wall-pledge is also needed 
so that the Juniors may have the pledge constantly 
before them and repeat it every time new members 
are taken into the society, and at consecration 
meetings. 

It will pay a society to purchase a blackboard if 
the church has not one for the children. As a sub- 
stitute large sheets of paper hung on the wall may 
be used. 

If the cost of these things seems formidable, 
there is no reason why the Senior society should 
not help to buy them. To equip a Junior society 
is surely a missionary undertaking. If the Juniors 
can do it, however, it is well to allow them to pay 



82 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

the bills. They find pleasure in working for defi- 
nite objects and they may take better care of 
equipment for which they have worked and paid. 

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 

What should a superintendent know about Junior work before 

organizing a society ? 
In organizing, what steps should first be taken? 
Describe two methods of securing the Juniors for a society? 
What publicity is advisable? 

Why are several assistant superintendents or helpers needed? 
How may different duties be assigned to assistants ? 
Who should be members of a Junior society? 
What is the difference between the Junior and Senior pledge? 
Who are preparatory members ? Why have them ? 
What is the value of a constitution? 
How should a constituion be adopted? 
What equipment does a society need for its work? 
Where may equipment be secured? 
Who may help in paying for equipment? 



CHAPTER VII 

THE OFFICERS 

Care should be taken in the selection of officers. 
Choose only those who will try to do the work; 
as a rule they will be older Juniors. 

The President. — The president may be either a 
boy or a girl. The duties are to preside at the 
business meetings and to plan, along with the 
superintendent, the work of the society. He has 
oversight of the whole society and if any com- 
mittee is not doing its work, he should talk to 
the chairman and try to help him. The superin- 
tendent will teach him how to encourage the 
workers. At the business meetings he will need 
help to make out a schedule of business and to 
carry on the meeting in proper form, as sug- 
gested in the President's Efficiency Leaflet. He 
is supposed to keep the work moving and should 
suggest simple things for the society to do. 

The Vice-President. — In small societies a vice- 
president may not be needed, unless as an under- 

83 



84 JUNIOR WORKERS -MANUAL 

study for president. He should consider himself 
the president's helper. He will occasionally pre- 
side at business meetings. It is a good plan to 
make him chairman of the lookout committee. 
He will be ready in the meetings to do whatever 
the president or superintendent asks him to do. 

The Secretary. — The secretary will keep the 
society's roll in order. She will call the roll at 
consecration meetings, will write all letters which 
the society sends officially, will receive letters for 
the society, and will consult the superintendent 
as to what to do with them. She will keep the 
minutes of business meetings and of executive 
committee meetings; she will receive from the 
chairmen of committees their written reports and 
will keep them in a file ; and she will keep an 
index in her minute-book to help her to find any 
action taken in past meetings. 

Many societies keep a card index instead of a 
membership roll. The secretary will keep this up 
to date. Each card should contain the name 
and address of a Junior, his age, and the date of 
joining the society; perhaps also his father's 
name. The card will state what position the 
Junior occupies in the society, what offices he has 
held, and the dates of them, what committees he 
has served on, whether or not he is a member 
of the church, and his record of attendance. 



THE OFFICERS 85 

These cards will tell the whole story of the 
Junior's relation to the society. 

The Treasurer. — The treasurer's duty is not 
merely to receive money from the members, but 
to devise ways and means of getting the money. 
The superintendent will get him an account 
book and show him how to enter on one side all 
money received, and on the other side all money 
expended. He will be instructed to pay out no 
money unless authorized to do so by the superin- 
tendent and the president. Some superintendents 
take upon themselves the duties of secretary and 
treasurer, thinking that the most efficient way 
of conducting the society's business is the best. 
We must remember that the society is a training 
school and that Juniors are learning to do things 
by doing them. We must give them the oppor- 
tunity. 

The superintendent will help the treasurer to 
make a budget for the society. He will write 
down on a piece of paper all the money that the 
society may be expected to spend during the 
year. Thus : 

Current expenses $ 

Home missions $ 

Foreign missions $ 

For socials $ 

For the church $ 



86 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

For song books $ 

For the sick $ 

For flowers $ 

Add to these items other causes as desired. 
Then on another sheet of paper write down the 
expected income of the society. 

From pledges $ 

From collections $ 

From socials $ 

Missionary gifts $ 

The money; received in the past year will sug- 
gest sources of income. At the annual meeting 
of the society this budget should be written on 
the blackboard and explained to the Juniors, who 
should be encouraged to pledge what they can 
toward the total amount. 

The treasurer will place a number before each 
Junior's name in his book. He will give to the 
Juniors envelopes with numbers corresponding 
to those opposite their names, and in these en- 
velopes the Juniors will make their weekly or 
monthly gifts, which the treasurer will credit to 
them. 

Every three months the treasurer may give 
to each Junior a statement of what he has paid 
and what he still owes on his pledge. When a 
Junior falls behind in his payments the treasurer 
should remind him that he has neglected to pay 
and report the reason to the superintendent. 



THE OFFICERS 87 

Some Junior societies have regular dues, so 
much a month. Others rely on loose collections 
each Sunday. The pledging plan seems superior 
to these because it has elements of training in, it 
which neither of the other plans have. The habit 
of making a pledge and paying it is a good one 
to form. 

With the superintendent's consent other plans 
for getting money may be tried. A glass jar may 
be placed on the table at each meeting and the 
Juniors may fill it with pennies. A birthday box 
may be kept and Juniors that have had birthdays 
during the previous week may put into it as 
many pennies as they are years old. Mite boxes 
may be given to the Juniors to fill at home. 
Juniors are sometimes given ten cents and told 
to trade with the money and bring the profit to 
the society. Juniors may be encouraged to earn 
some of the money they give to the society. 
Money is earned by doing chores, cutting grass 
on lawns, running errands, selling popcorn, con- 
ducting a booth at a social or a bazaar, selling 
Christmas cards, selling photographs, and so 
forth. 

The treasurer should be taught to keep the 
society's money apart from his own and never 
use it for private purposes on any pretext what- 
ever. He will pay bills and get receipts, but if 



88 JUNIOE WORKERS' MANUAL 

money is to be sent by mail lie may give the 
amount to the superintendent who will send it. 

Executive-Committee Meeting. — The executive 
committee consists of the officers of the society 
and the chairmen of all committees. They should 
meet once a month or once every two months to 
discuss plans for the society's work. The superin- 
tendent or assistants will always be present to 
render aid, but the Juniors themselves should be 
allowed to conduct the meeting in proper par- 
liamentary form. The superintendent may give 
suggestions to officers and chairmen of commit- 
tees before the meeting so that they may have 
worth-while proposals to make. 

To this meeting the chairman of each com- 
mittee will bring a written report which will 
tell briefly what the committee he represents set 
out to do a month or two months previously, what 
has been accomplished, and if the work has not 
been completed, the report will tell the reason 
why. The report should also outline the work 
the committee intends to do in the coming month 
or two. These reports the secretary will file. 

The president will make out an order of busi- 
ness something like this : 1. Opening song and 
prayer. 2. Reading of the minutes of the last 
meeting. 3. Reports of officers and committee 
chairmen. 4. Business arising out of these re- 



THE OFFICERS 89 

ports. 5. New business. This will include 
plans for work. 

The Society's Business Meeting. — A business 
meeting of the society may be held every two or 
three months — oftener if found necessary. A 
programme for the meeting should be made out 
by the president, with the aid of the superin- 
tendent. The business meeting should always be 
preceded by an executive-committee meeting 
where the order of business may be discussed. 
This order will be much the same as in an execu- 
tive committee meeting, except that the chairmen 
of committees will not give reports. The secre- 
tary's report will tell what the committees have 
done. The treasurer, however, should make a 
separate report. Then will come a brief state- 
ment of plans for work which the Juniors will be 
asked to adopt by vote. 

Do not crowd this meeting with small details. 
These should be settled in the executive-commit- 
tee meeting. The president will, of course, preside. 

Never hold a business meeting after a Sunday 
prayer meeting. Hold it rather on a week even- 
ing or afternoon, and serve refreshments. More 
Juniors will come if you have a social time in 
connection with this meeting. 



90 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 

Why should care be taken in selecting officers ? 

What is the work of the president? 

The secretary? 

The treasurer? 

How should a budget be made out? 

What are some plans for raising money? 

What is the executive committee and how should it conduct 

business ? 
Why should the society hold regular business meetings ? 
What is the best time for the society's business meeting? 



CHAPTER VIII 

SOCIETY ORGANIZATION: THE 
COMMITTEES 

There are five committees which seem indis- 
pensable in a Junior society: the prayer-meet- 
ing, lookout, missionary, social, and sunshine com- 
mittees. These should be organized as soon as 
possible. Of course other committees may be 
organized too, care being taken that every Junior, 
including preparatory members, is placed on 
some committee. 

Committee meetings may be held Saturday 
afternoons or at any other convenient time. The 
superintendent and assistants will attend and will 
coach the chairmen beforehand. It is a good plan 
to appoint for each committee a secretary who 
will keep minutes of the committee meetings and 
also will keep a scrap-book in which committee 
plans may be pasted or written. 

It is well to draw out for each committee a 
programme of work for the whole season. This 
should define the things the committee hopes 
to do. 

91 



92 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

Prayer-Meeting Committee. — The main duty of 
this committee is to plan and prepare the meet- 
ings. It should meet every two weeks and with 
the help of The Junior Christian Endeavor World 
and The Christian Endeavor World write out a pro- 
gramme for the two following meetings, the 
superintendent assisting, of course. 

If questions are to be written and distributed 
among .the members for answer in the meeting, 
the members of the committee will distribute 
them. They should also be urged to be them- 
selves prepared to take part in the meeting and 
fill in pauses. It is well to choose this commit- 
tee from among the older members. 

Let this committee choose the design of the 
topic cards. Consult them on all matters relat- 
ing to the meeting. Try to interest them in 
making each meeting slightly different from the 
others. Arrange the chairs differently — in a 
circle, in a. square, in the form of the Christian 
Endeavor monogram; hold a leaderless meeting, 
the programme being written on the black- 
board, or a telegram meeting, the members writ- 
ing ten-word messages on the topic and reading 
the messages in the meeting. "Prayer-Meeting 
Methods," and "Fifty-two Varieties " contain 
suggestions for variations. A candle-light meet- 
ing, a song-writers' meeting, a motto meeting, 
are well-known and always enjoyed. 



THE COMMITTEES 93 

Gather together the committee members and 
the leader of the meeting for a five-minute prayer 
service before the meeting opens. 

Let a member write on the blackboard at each 
meeting topics for sentence prayers as sugges- 
tions for the Juniors. 

Have a question-box in the meeting room into 
which members may drop questions about the 
topic. The superintendent will reply to such 
questions. 

This committee may also have charge of the 
meeting-room. In this case the members should 
be on hand early to arrange the chairs, to pick 
up hymn books that may be scattered around, 
to put out the society's own song books, to 
arrange the table and put flowers on it, and so 
forth. 

Lookout Committee. — This committee has 
many duties. The first is to secure new mem- 
bers for the society and to plan campaigns toward 
this end. It is a membership committee. 

Sometimes membership contests are carried 
out in the society, which divides its members, 
under the leadership of the lookout committee, 
into two sides, Reds and Blues, or some other 
name, to see which side can secure the largest 
number of members in a given time. Each side 
will be led by a captain who will guide his side 



94 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

and tell them what to do. When such a cam- 
paign is conducted it should be understood that 
all newcomers must sign as preparatory mem- 
bers, not as active members. As preparatory 
members they will attend the meeting for some 
time before they can be received as active mem- 
bers. 

Another form of campaign the lookout com- 
mittee may conduct is an attendance campaign, 
points being given to each Junior for attending 
the meeting himself and more points being given 
for his bringing a guest. It helps to give to 
each Junior two chairs in the meeting, placed 
side by side, the one chair for himself, and the 
other for his guest. This is a spur to all Juniors 
to bring guests who may be won to member- 
ship. 

Such campaigns are educational. The Juniors 
are taught through them to plan for results. 
Thus the sides will make a survey of the Sunday 
school, writing down the names and addresses of 
children of Junior age who are not in the society. 
Names of children of proper age in the com- 
munity will also be listed. The captain of each 
side will give to ea,ch of those under him one or 
two names and ask them to visit those Juniors and 
invite them to the meeting. Sometimes special 
cards of invitation will be used; at other times 
letters will be written. 



THE COMMITTEES 95 

But apart from special campaigns a live look- 
out committee will keep a permanent list of 
names of children in the Sunday school who are 
approaching Junior age. When they are old 
enough the committee will invite them to the 
meeting and keep inviting them until they come. 
A good way to keep in touch with such children 
is to have the birthday committee send them 
cards on their birthdays, to show that the 
society is interested in them. 

The committee should be busy at socials. The 
social committee should use the lookout com- 
mittee's list of names and invite these children 
to the socials. Then the lookout committee 
should give them a hearty invitation to attend 
the regular meeting. 

This committee may get out special posters 
advertising the meeting. "Watch the Christian 
Endeavor publications for new plans and do not 
be afraid to try them. 

The superintendent will decide upon the fit- 
ness of any candidate for membership. Most 
children may become preparatory members, but 
only those that show interest should be taken 
as active members. When application for mem- 
bership is made the name of the applicant should 
be presented by the chairman of the lookout com- 
mittee at a regular meeting of the society and 
be voted upon the following meeting night. 



96 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

It is as essential to keep the members we have 
as it is to get new ones. This is the lookout com- 
mittee 's duty too. When a member is absent 
from several meetings the committee should visit 
him and report the reason to the superinten- 
dent. 

The lookout committee will also explain the 
pledge to prospective members. All the work 
of the committee should be done under the guid- 
ance of the superintendent. 

The superintendent may use the following 
methods in the committee. 1. Urge the Juniors 
to use the telephone in inviting guests to the 
meetings. 2. Place posters advertising the meet- 
ing in store windows when possible. 3. Write 
on shipping tags an invitation to the meeting 
and have the Juniors tie the tags on the door 
knobs of houses where they know children of 
Junior age live. 4. Get for the committee 
a visitors' book and have a member in charge 
of it at each meeting. Get visitors to write their 
names and addresses in the book ; then send them 
a letter later telling them how glad the commit- 
tee was to see them at the meeting and inviting 
them to come to the next meeting. 5. Some- 
times the committee may have flowers on hand 
to give to visitors. 6. In a membership cam- 
paign draw a large wheel on cardboard. If you 
wish to win twenty members draw twenty spokes 



THE COMMITTEES 97 

on the wheel. Tell the Juniors that the plan is 
to find a new member for each spoke. As each 
new member is won write his name on a spoke. 

Social Committee. — First of all, the members 
of the social committee should be taught to wel- 
come strangers and be sociable. Teach all 
Juniors not to be clannish in the meetings, but 
show friendliness to all. 

The committee plans and carries out socials. 
Guidance will be necessary, but the Juniors will 
do the work if they are told what to do. They 
will even contribute ideas at times. It is a fine 
thing to show the Juniors that a social follows a 
definite plan just like any other meeting. The 
plan will look like this: 

1. Some amusing game to mix the guests and 
break up formality. (Handshaking with a paper 
bag tied to the right hand; names of States or 
cities written on slips of paper and pinned to 
the backs of the guests, who must guess the names 
they carry, and so on.) 

2. A period of fun. Games, charades, etc. 

3. A period of instruction. (Some one tells 
some facts about Christian Endeavor or the so- 
ciety, or gives an instructive talk on some live 
topic.) 

4. Refreshments. 



98 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

5. A period of devotion — a song service clos- 
ing with prayer. 

Use the great days of the calendar for socials : 
the Fourth of July; Lincoln's birthday; Wash- 
ington's birthday; Christmas; New Year's; 
Easter; Valentine's Day; Hallowe'en, and so on. 
Many societies hold a social each month. 

Get a book of socials and study the best of 
them. No two socials should be alike. "Good 
Times for Juniors" has some fine suggestions for 
games. So has "Successful Socials." 

The work of the committee is educational, there- 
fore the Juniors should be taught to make bright 
posters advertising the socials, to hand in names 
of guests they would like to have invited, to dis- 
tribute invitations, to hand out tickets, and so 
forth. 

Some societies object to admission charges at 
socials. This is a matter that must be deter- 
mined by the policy of the church. 

The social committee usually has charge of 
picnics, hikes, and so on. Assistants will be 
necessary on such occasions. Plan to have a 
definite object for each hike. In summer, for 
example, take along some one who knows flowers 
and will set the Juniors to collecting them, after- 
wards telling their story. On another hike some 
one who knows local history may take the Juniors 
to historical spots. On another hike take some 



THE COMMITTEES 99 

one who can do modelling in clay to show the 
Juniors how to do this interesting work. 

Vary the socials. It is well to have one lead- 
ing idea for each social. For instance a shadow- 
picture social will make shadow pictures the main 
feature. One of the members of the Senior society 
will make shadow pictures on a sheet or on the wall, 
using his hands to make shadow pictures of faces, 
animals, and so on. Cardboard cut in the shape 
of a house is used effectively as a setting for some 
of the pictures. 

A game the Juniors will enjoy is a shadow- 
picture guessing game. Hang a white sheet in 
the doorway between two rooms. Place a strong 
light (an electric lamp or a good lantern) on a 
table in one of the rooms. The Juniors will be 
seated in the other room. Now divide the 
Juniors into two sides, one-half on each side. 
Take one side into the room in which the table 
and lamp are placed. Pose five or six of the 
Juniors one by one between the lamp and the 
screen so that the shadow is clearly shown. The 
Juniors outside will guess the names of the 
Juniors whose shadows are thrown on the screen. 
Then change the roles of the groups, making the 
first set spectators and the other set actors. The 
side that makes the best guesses wins. 

Shadow tableau can also be shown on the screen, 



100 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

the spectators guessing the meaning of the pic- 
tures. 

There is an endless variety of socials: a 
Washington's birthday social; a pin social; a sing- 
ing social; an old-fashioned-games social; a cha- 
rade social, and so on. 

Keep the Juniors occupied all the time. They 
enjoy themselves best when they do not need 
to sit and listen too long to others performing, 
but can themselves take part in what is going 
on. Arrange for simple contests in the socials. 
Give the Juniors each a clothes pin and some 
colored paper and have a doll-dressing contest, 
with a small prize for the winner. Give them 
pieces of cardboard and ask them each to cut 
out of it the figure of some animal. (The names 
of animals should be written on slips of paper 
and placed in a hat; each Junior will then 
draw one slip and cut out the animal whose 
name he draws.) Dolls and animals may be 
made from peanuts, the Juniors using ink, tooth- 
picks, and colored paper. Animals may be mod- 
elled in clay or plasticine. 

Recreation Committee. — In small societies the 
social committee may act as a recreation com- 
mittee; in large societies it is well to have a 
separate committee. This committee will keep a 
scrap-book of games and will be ready to help 



THE COMMITTEES 101 

the social committee with new games for socials. 
It will plan athletic drills, help to get up enter- 
tainments, form baseball and other clubs, conduct 
track meets for Juniors — which appeal especially 
to boys — organize a dramatic club to give an 
entertainment, arrange for a flower show, plan 
a kodak club, get up a pageant, and so forth. 

Missionary Committee. — An assistant superin- 
tendent should have charge of the missionary 
committee to suggest things to do. The com- 
mittee will plan the missionary meetings with the 
help of the assistant superintendent, who will 
write to the denominational missionary board, 
several weeks before the meeting, and ask for 
whatever printed material is available for the topic. 
This material the committee will distribute among 
the members, asking them to give certain facts in 
the meeting. The committee members will also 
collect missionary books bearing on the topics and 
assign chapters to the members to study at home. 

This committee should act as a missionary-infor- 
mation committee and plan to give one mission- 
ary item in each meeting of the society. It will 
also advertise the missionary meetings well in 
advance. * r 

Encourage the reading of missionary books. 
Have a reading contest to stimulate interest. If 
there are five members on the missionary com- 



102 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

mittee let them challenge the whole society to a 
reading contest of this kind. All members of the 
society are to read as many missionary books and 
leaflets as possible. These will be secured by the 
superintendent either from the church library or 
the mission board of the denomination. The five 
members of the missionary committee will under- 
take to read more missionary material in a given 
time — say one month — then the five members of the 
society who have read most. Each reader will keep 
his own record and will hand it in each week. 

The members of this committee should keep 
notebooks in which to write missionary items that 
come to them. 

The committee should suggest to the society a 
missionary song as the society's own. A society 
missionary motto should also be chosen and neatly 
printed on cardboard to be hung in the meeting- 
room. The committee may collect pictures show- 
ing missionary scenes and the costumes and cus- 
toms of missionary lands. These will be useful 
when missionary pageants or plays are presented. 
Occasionally have the committee call for essays 
on missionary topics from the members of the 
society. 

The society should do definite missionary work 
— support an orphan, help to pay the salary of 
a native worker, support a bed in a hospital, 
and so on. The committee should think of home 



THE COMMITTEES 103 

missions and help the mountain people of the 
South or make up a missionary box for a mis- 
sionary family, remembering especially the chil- 
dren. 

The committee should urge a definite pledge 
for missions. Mite boxes may be used in the 
homes or in the society. 

Missionary handwork is helpful. A member 
of the Senior society may act as instructor. The 
Juniors may make maps, sand maps, maps made 
of papier mache, sand-trays, and so on; they 
may construct native huts from cardboard and 
grass, making models of native villages. Pic- 
tures in missionary books will show what is 
needed. The United Society publishes a useful 
book on Junior handwork. 

The superintendent should keep a notebook in 
which to write or paste plans for missionary 
meetings. Remember that the Juniors enjoy dra- 
matic representation and make use of this in- 
stinct. Dyed cheesecloth makes excellent drapery 
for missionary costumes. 

The superintendent will work out these sug- 
gestions in her missionary programme. 1. Plan 
meetings ahead. Get special speakers occasion- 
ally. Get the Juniors to debate various ques- 
tions such as: "Resolved, that missions are more 
needed in America than in India." Arrange for 
a discussion of the question: "If I had $1,000,- 



104 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

000 how should it be spent for missions ?" Na.- 
tives (in costume) from other lands will come in 
and plead for their countries; the children rep- 
resenting the natives, of course. 

2. Put on a missionary play once every sea- 
son at least. 

3. Collect missionary curios and get the 
Juniors to help you. Use them in the meetings. 

4. Organize a mission-study class. If this is 
impossible give a few minutes at each meeting 
to reading a missionary book to the Juniors. 

5. Make a prayer-list for missions. Give the 
Juniors some facts about Africa and some mis- 
sionaries there and ask them to pray for this 
country during the week. 

6. Subscribe for a missionary periodical. 

Sunshine Committee. — The motto of this com- 
mittee may be "Others." Teach the Juniors to 
make sunshine at home by obedience and cheer- 
fulness. The committee will take flowers to the 
sick and shut-ins, will visit and sing for the old 
and infirm, will visit old people's homes, will take 
dinners to the poor at Thanksgiving and Christ- 
mas, will visit sick Juniors, will each try to do a 
good turn every day, will cut out stories and 
funny sayings and place them in manila envel- 
opes to be sent to children's hospitals. This 
committee also makes comfort powders, that is, 



THE COMMITTEES 105 

slips of paper on which are written Bible texts. 
Seven texts are put into an envelope and the 
envelope is given to a convalescent person who 
is told to take one powder or text each day. 

Flower Committee. — This committee is often 
combined with the sunshine committee. If these 
committees are separate the flower committee 
should work entirely with flowers : place flow- 
ers on the pulpit on Sundays ; take flowers to the 
sick (sending with each bouquette a verse or two 
of Scripture written on a slip of paper, in the 
society's name) ; decorate the church in spring 
and fall with wild flowers or leaves ; make flower 
mottoes for the church or meeting-room; send 
flower greetings to pastor, elders, and old people 
on their birthdays. The Juniors will enjoy a 
hike, arranged by the flower committee, into the 
country to bring flowers and leaves for church 
decoration. The best effect is got by massing 
one kind of flower : daisies, for example, in great 
profusion; in the fall, colored leaves; on another 
day, geraniums, and so forth. This committee may 
cultivate flowers on the church lawn, or in their 
homes. They may plant seeds and cuttings and 
give the flowers in pots to the poor or to shut-ins. 
The committee may offer a small prize to the Junior 
that brings the best flower of a certain kind to a 
flower-exhibition social. The committee may also 



106 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

take charge of the church lawn, trimming and cut- 
ting the grass when it is needed. 

Birthday Committee. — This committee will keep 
a list of the birthdays of members of the society, of 
children in the Sunday school, of the pastor, mem- 
bers of the church board, and so forth, and will 
send cards of greeting to them at the proper time. 
The committee should write on the blackboard the 
names of Juniors who have birthdays in the coming 
week. In the society a mite-box will be kept and 
Juniors who have birthdays will put into it a penny 
for every year they are old. Birthday Juniors 
should be recognized in a special way. They may 
be asked to stand along with the society while the 
superintendent offers prayer for them. The com- 
mittee should also have a special birthday hymn to 
be sung when a Junior celebrates a birthday. This 
may be a hymn chosen from the hymn book, or 
special words written to a well-known tune. Per- 
haps the pastor will write suitable words. 

Good-Citizenship Committee. — The main work 
of this committee will be to work for temperance. 
The members will conduct temperance meetings. 
They will distribute among the Juniors facts about 
the effect of strong drink. They will read temper- 
ance magazines and give facts about the progress 
of prohibition in our own country and in the 
world. They will provide total abstinence cards 



THE COMMITTEES 107 

for members of the society to sign. The members 
of the committee should also from time to time tell 
temperance anecdotes to the society. They may 
give talks on great temperance reformers and tell 
the story of the fight that brought about prohibi- 
tion. The committee may arrange for occasional 
speakers to tell the Juniors about the city govern- 
ment, about the police force, and about keeping and 
breaking the law, about clean-up campaigns, and 
so on. 

Scrap-Book Committee. — This committee will do 
good work if it gets every committee in the society 
to keep a scrap-book in which to write or paste 
plans which the committee may later carry out. 
This is better than having the scrap-book committee 
make books and give them to the committee. 

The committee may make scrap-books for mis- 
sions. In them paste pictures only, for children in 
foreign lands will not understand English. Scrap- 
books may be made for children's hospitals. In 
this case stories and jokes may be pasted in them. 
Scrap-books may be made for the sick, or for con- 
valescents, interesting items of news or short poems 
being used. 

The committee may paste back to back picture 
postal cards and send them to missionaries on the 
foreign field. The denominational missionary board 
will provide addresses. 



108 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

Music Committee. — The pianist should be chair- 
man of this committee. Its work is to provide 
music in the meetings. The pianist should choose 
hymns at home, hymns that are suitable to the 
topic, and have them ready if they are needed in 
the meeting. Sometimes the superintendent will 
tell her which hymns to prepare. She should prac- 
tise all the hymns in the hymn book. The com- 
mittee may organize a society choir and a society 
orchestra. It may provide special music, solos and 
duets, at the meetings. It may suggest one hymn 
a month for the whole society to memorize. It 
may take charge of the society hymn books and keep 
them in repair. It may also conduct an occasional 
hymn-writers ' meeting, learning the stories of some 
of the great hymns (there are books published that 
tell these stories, for instance, "A Treasure of 
Hymns, " sold by the United Society) and telling 
them in the meeting before the hymns are sung. 

Information Committee. — This committee's duty 
is to keep the society informed on the progress of 
Christian Endeavor. It gets its information items 
chiefly from The Junior Christian Endeavor World 
and The Christian Endeavor World. It will also 
tell the society of new methods of work, getting its 
information from the same sources or from books. 
It may give denominational items gleaned from the 
church paper, and it may tell what other Junior 



THE COMMITTEES 109 

societies in the town are doing. To get this in- 
formation two members of the committee should 
occasionally visit other societies. 

The members of the committee will take turns, 
meeting about, in giving these items. If figures 
are used in their reports, they should use the 
blackboard to give them. Sometimes the informa- 
tion may be given in the shape of a dialogue, two 
members of the committee taking part. At other 
times the committee's report may be written in 
full on the blackboard. The committee may have 
an information bulletin, made of thick cardboard, 
and labeled "Information Bulletin, " all to itself. 
On this it will paste or write information items. 
The bulletin will be hung in the meeting-room. 
Sometimes the committee will bring facts about 
missions, but usually this is done by the missionary 
committee. 

Good-Literature Committee. — This committee 
should first of all be responsible for getting up a 
club of subscribers to The Junior Christian En- 
deavor World. It should also try to secure in the 
Senior society and the church subscribers to The 
Christian Endeavor World. It should also con- 
duct campaigns to get all Juniors to wear the 
Junior Christian Endeavor pin. 

Some committees collect waste paper, sell it, and 
give the proceeds to the society. Tiiey may con- 



110 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

duct a literature table in the church vestibule. 
Many church members will give magazines for this 
purpose, and the Juniors will be responsible for 
collecting them and taking them to the church. 
Papers, books, and magazines may also be sent to 
soldiers' camps, sailors' homes, institutions, fire 
stations, and so on, every book and magazine being 
stamped with the name of the society. If the 
Senior society is doing this work the Junior society 
may co-operate with it rather than work independ- 
ently. The members of the committee may read 
good books and in the meeting outline the story and 
perhaps, if the superintendent thinks it wise, read 
short portions. 



QUESTIONS FOE REVIEW 

What are the five indispensable committees ! 
When should committee meetings be held ? 

Why should committee work for the whole season be outlined ? 
What are the duties of the prayer-meeting committee ? 
The lookout committee? 

What are the dangers of a membership campaign? 
What are the advantages of an attendance campaign? 
Name some plans to secure new members. 

What steps are necessary when a child wishes to join the society? 
What are the elements of a good social ? 
Outline work for a social committee. 
What is a recreation committee? 
Outline work for a missionary committee. 
Outline a sunshine-committee programme. 
How may the flower committee serve ( 
What are the duties of a birthday committee ? 
What work may a good-citizenship committee do' 
What can Juniors do for good literature? 

Describe the work of A. The scrap-book committee: B. The 
music committee, and C. The information committee. 



CHAPTER IX 
HOW TO CONDUCT A JUNIOR MEETING 

The Time of Meeting. — When should a Junior 
society hold its meeting? The answer is, "At the 
time that is most convenient for the Junior super- 
intendent and the Juniors." This time will vary 
according to local conditions. In rural districts it 
may be quite different from town or city. 

A good many Junior societies meet on Sunday 
afternoon. Some object to this hour because it 
crowds the superintendent 's day. Others hold their 
meeting Sunday morning before the church service 
and find this time convenient. 

Many societies hold their meeting Sunday eve- 
ning before the hour of the Senior gathering. A 
few hold the meeting during the Senior meeting 
hour, but this deprives the superintendent of the 
privilege of attending the older society's meeting. 

Some societies, again, hold the meeting during 
the hour of morning church service. Usually the 
children come to church and the pastor makes a 
short talk to them. During the singing of a hymn 
the Juniors file out of the auditorium and go to 
their own room where they hold their meeting 

111 



112 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

while the church service proceeds. This is pos- 
sible, of course, only in churches that have facil- 
ities for it. Some parents like this method, for 
they know that the Juniors are being taken care 
of. The superintendent, however, loses the morn- 
ing service. Some object because the Juniors also 
miss the morning service and the opportunity of 
forming the church-going habit is also lost. 

Other societies have entirely given up the attempt 
to put the Junior meeting into Sunday at all. They 
have chosen a week-day afternoon or early evening. 
This is possible, of course, only when the superin- 
tendent is so situated that she can give this hour 
to the work. It makes it hard to get assistants, 
for most young people are at work. The objection 
to an evening meeting is that parents do not like to 
have their children out late. 

After all, superintendents must consider what is 
the best time for them and their Juniors, and make 
arrangements accordingly. There is no hard and 
fast rule about the time of meeting. 

How to Conduct a Junior Meeting. — In order to 
create a sense of order and discipline from the be- 
ginning some superintendents assemble the Juniors 
at the back of the room, or in a hallway adjoining 
the meeting-room, and form them in procession, 
two by two; while the piano plays a marching 
song they pass into the room singing. Usually 



THE JUNIOR MEETING 113 

they march around the room once or twice before 
filing into their places. 

A good Junior meeting must be carefully pre- 
pared by the prayer-meeting committee and super- 
intendent at least a week in advance of the meeting. 
The programme should be written out in advance, 
home work should be assigned to certain Juniors, 
and this fact should be noted on the programme, 
and the names of all Juniors who have been asked 
to offer prayer or otherwise take part should also 
be written down. If the meeting is to have real 
educational value this preliminary work simply 
must be done. 

The Programme. — The programme should vary 
with almost every meeting. Do not fall into ruts. 
Study the suggestions given in the section for 
prayer-meeting committees; vary the arrangement 
of the seats, change the order of service, use the 
blackboard, and so forth. Make it impossible for 
any Junior to sit at home and imagine what the 
meeting will be like. 

Here is a sample programme. Notice that the 
decision service is a distinctive feature of it. Such 
a service cannot be held at all times. But other 
features could be introduced. We do not mean 
that this programme should be followed at all times, 
even in outline. Its items may be varied, omitted, 
rearranged as the superintendent pleases. The 



114 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

programme is given merely as a sample of well- 
balanced work. 

A Programme Suggestion. 

Pre-Prayer Service. Quiet Music. 

I. Service of Worship. 

1. Silent prayer, closed with audible prayer by the 
superintendent. 

2. Hymn. 

3. Eesponsive reading. Psalm 1. 

4. Prayer by leader. 

5. Special music. 
II. Fellowship Service. 

1. Welcome to new members and visitors. 

2. Prayer for absentees. 

3. Birthday greetings. 

III. Bible Drill. 

IV. Offering Service. 

1. Offering brought to the front. 

2. Verses on Bible giving. 

3. Offering prayer or song. 
V. Service of Expression. 

1. Scripture lesson read. 

2. Daily readings discussed. 

3. Discussion of topic. 

4. Talk by superintendent. 

5. Hymn. 

VI. Decision Service (in charge of pastor). 
VII. Closing Service. 

1. Consecration Hymn. 

2. Prayer and benediction. 

Every programme should open with a service of 



THE JUNIOR MEETING 115 

worship. It will give tone to the meeting that fol- 
lows if the Juniors are brought to realize that God 
is present with them. It is doubtful if the best 
way to open a Junior meeting is by singing, for 
the children are not usually in a worshipful mood. 
The silent prayer in the above programme is de- 
signed to produce this mood. Sometimes the chil- 
dren may pray the Lord's Prayer in unison, the 
superintendent leading very slowly (do not gallop 
through it), pausing distinctly between each 
phrase. This gives the children a chance to grasp 
the meaning of the words they are using. Some- 
times the Juniors may be told to fold their hands, 
look downwards, and repeat the text, "Let the 
words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart 
be acceptable in Thy sight, Lord, my strength 
and my Redeemer." Then tell them to turn their 
eyes to the ceiling and repeat the words, ' ' The Lord 
is in his holy temple ; let all the earth keep silence 
before him." The action accompanying these 
prayers is important. The attitude of worship pro- 
duces the feeling of worship, just as the attitude of 
fear will produce the feeling of fear. William 
James maintains that a man runs not because he 
is afraid, but he is afraid because he runs. The 
action produces the emotion. Apply this principle 
to worship and seek to produce the proper emotion 
by appropriate action. Then the Juniors will be 
ready for their opening song. 



116 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

The responsive reading may be conducted in 
various ways. The superintendent may read one 
verse and the Juniors the next, and so on. Or, at 
another time the girls may read one verse and the 
boys the next. The society may be divided into 
two halves and the two sections may read verse 
about. A Junior may be asked to read one verse, 
the society reading the responses. The society may 
read the passage in unison. Employ a different 
method each week. 

In the fellowship service different Juniors may 
be used for the three things specified. Their tasks 
should be assigned to them at least a week before 
the meeting. 

There are two parts to the Bible drill. First 
there is drill proper, giving the names of Bible 
books, and finding passages in the Bible. Then 
there is Bible memory work. Give time to each 
part. 

In the service of expression no mention is made 
of a blackboard-talk or an object-talk. Use these 
when you can. Let the Juniors show the objects 
and give the talks ; also let them draw the pictures 
on the blackboard. 

Sentence prayers may also be made a part of the 
service of expression. Teach the Juniors that a 
sentence prayer means what it says, just a sentence. 
The week before the meeting the prayer-meeting 
committee may give to some Juniors slips of paper 



THE JUNIOR MEETING 117 

with the words written on them, "Sentence Prayers 

for " Write in the topic, such as for 

' ' Help to do our duty"; "For the church"; "For 
the Society"; "For the pastor." The topic for 
the day will suggest subjects for sentence prayers. 

Or again, these subjects for prayer may be writ- 
ten on the blackboard. The Juniors should also 
be taught to memorize Bible prayers and offer them 
when suitable. Examples will be found in the 
chapter on Bible Drills and memory work. 

Accustom the Juniors to pray in public, to ex- 
press simply their wants and aspirations and not 
merely to imitate the prayers of the pastor or of 
grown-ups. Encourage them even to write out 
their little prayers, memorize them, and offer them 
in the meeting. 

The superintendent should sit beside the leader 
at the table in front of the society, but the leader 
should be expected really to lead the meeting. The 
superintendent will give a short talk, perhaps tell 
a story on the topic. She should also try to have 
a story-illustration for a Junior to give. But she 
should not monopolize the time. Her aim should 
be to get the Juniors to take part. This may be 
difficult at first, and when they get started their 
efforts will be crude ; but they will gain confidence 
and as time passes will learn to express themselves 
more than creditably. They have not yet reached 
the age of diffidence and self-criticism. They are 



118 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

natural in what they do. 

The society must not be turned into a Sunday 
school class. The more the Juniors do for them- 
selves the better is the society doing its work. 

The programme which we have just cited does 
not give handwork a place. Usually there will not 
be time in the meeting for the Juniors to do much 
if any handwork; but if the superintendent, with 
the help of an assistant, can hold a handwork 
class on a week afternoon or evening and get the 
Juniors to cut out objects in paper or cardboard, 
or model them in clay, or make models of scenes 
(using the sand-tray) referred to in the lesson, it 
will help to show these objects in the meeting 
and build up the story around them. In mission- 
ary meetings such handwork is indispensable ; in 
connection with Bible topics that refer to scenes 
that can be presented in rude model, it is a fine 
help. Bottle dolls or cardboard dolls represent 
the characters in Bible story. But see the book, 
i 'Handwork for Juniors" for particulars. 

Many Junior societies make a custom of studying 
a missionary book each season. The society becomes 
a mission-study class part of the time, the superin- 
tendent reading, telling, or explaining the story. 
In such a case handwork is a splendid aid, for the 
various scenes can be built up in papier mache or 
on a sand tray ; the country can be represented with 
rivers, lakes, and sea ; villages can be made out of 



THE JUNIOR MEETING 119 

raffia and grass ; and dolls, properly costumed, rep- 
resent the people. 

Missionary magazines contain so much fine ma- 
terial that there will be no difficulty in building up 
a good programme. Juniors readily personify the 
natives. They are at the age when they try on 
other people 's experience, and they will thoroughly 
enter into the spirit of foreign life and express it 
in their own way, if they are allowed to act out 
missionary scenes. 

Pageants. — Juniors are always enthusiastic 
about putting on a missionary pageant or play. The 
mission boards are ready to supply good ones. As 
we have already pointed out, dyed cheesecloth makes 
excellent costume material. In the same way, 
Juniors eagerly act out Bible stories, speaking the 
parts of the characters. Such dramatic expression 
makes a deep mark on the minds of children. 

Repetition and Enforcement. — Usually the Jun- 
ior topic contains one outstanding thought. In 
preparing the programme the superintendent 
should have this thought clearly in mind. She 
should ask herself the questions before she begins, 
"What is the main thought in this topic which I 
wish to enforce ? What response do I wish to get ? ' ' 
She should write down the answers to these really 
vital questions and shape her method to get results, 

The first thing to remember is that repetition 



120 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

counts. The leading thought, the principal truth, 
should be repeated again and again in various 
ways. It will be found in the leader's talk, in the 
illustration or story given by the superintendent, 
and it will come out in some of the talks by the 
Juniors. This repetition forces the truth into the 
minds of the Juniors. 

This clear-cut presentation of truth wins re- 
sponse. Every worth-while topic for Juniors can 
be so taught as to bring out some duty that the 
Juniors may perform during the week. Always try 
to dig a channel in the children 's minds for expres- 
sion in some act. Connect, if you can, the truth 
taught with something that the child can do in 
daily life. If the topic cannot thus be made prac- 
tical it is not a good one for a Junior meeting. 
Never forget the application. Show how truth 
should issue in deeds ; create if possible enthusiasm 
to go forth and do the things about which the 
society has been talking. 

Remember that the approach to a child's in- 
terest is through things that he knows in daily 
experience. Truth cannot be taught in a vacuum. 
It must be hung on to some knowledge that the 
child has before. When you talk to Juniors think 
of the things tha/t you know Juniors know, and 
work such things into illustrations, making them 
the starting-point for any impression you wish 
to produce. 



THE JUNIOR MEETING 121 

The Consecration Meeting. — Juniors should be 
taught that they really renew their pledge in 
every consecration meeting. "When they stand 
up and repeat it in unison, seek to make this a 
true act of worship. 

The roll-call also differentiates the consecra- 
tion meeting from an ordinary meeting. Many 
societies find it helpful if they make this a test 
of the way in which the Juniors have kept the 
pledge during the month. Indeed some societies 
have found the method so helpful that they call 
the roll every week. 

In such cases the Juniors are expected to do 
two things every day — to pray and read some 
part of the Bible, as the pledge demands. At 
roll-call, if a Junior has done both every day in 
the week, he answers "Faithful" when his name 
is called. If he has omitted one or two days he 
answers "Partly." But if he has missed three 
days or more in the week he answers "Failed." 
If the roll is called monthly only two responses 
should be asked for : "Faithful" from those that 
have not missed a day; and "Partly" from those 
that have missed one day or more. 

Vary the roll-call. The booklet "Our Crown- 
ing Meeting" gives many methods of doing this. 
As samples we may mention the following : 

Write the names of the Juniors on cards; ar- 
range the cards in alphabetical order, according 



122 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

to the last names of the Juniors, and call the 
names in this order. Another time arrange the 
names in alphabetical order, but use the first 
names of the Juniors in doing so. Another Sun- 
day arrange the names of the members in the 
order of the streets in which they live. Again, 
mix the cards and call the names as they fall. 
Once more, give to each Junior as he comes into 
the room a number and call the names in the 
order of the numbers. The secretary who gives 
the numbers will of course keep a record of the 
names of the Juniors to whom they are given. 

At the consecration meeting especially, but for 
that matter in all meetings, the superintendent 
should make much of sentence prayers. Encour- 
age the Juniors to write sentence prayers at home, 
memorize them, and give them in the meeting. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 

When should a Junior society hold its meetings? 

How may we create a sense of decorum at the beginning of 

meeting ? 
Who prepares the programme of the Junior meeting? 
How may we vary the programme of the Junior meeting? 
Outline a programme for a Junior meeting. 
What are the elements of a Junior programme? 
What are Bible drills? How conduct them? 
How can we teach Juniors to pray in public? 
What value has handwork in a Junior meeting? 
How may we arrange Junior pageants? 
How may we enforce a lesson by repetition? 
How may we secure the child's interest? 
Describe* different ways of calling the roll. 



CHAPTER X 
WORK THE SOCIETY MAY DO 

A good deal of the work which the committees 
regularly do must be done during the week, and 
thus the committee system provides for through- 
the-week activities. Besides this work, however, 
the society as a group, and members as indi- 
viduals, may do many things. The following 
is a list of suggestions taken from actual work 
done by societies. The superintendent should 
choose carefully the tasks she wishes the society 
to perform. It is a good plan to make a list of 
them and announce to the Juniors at the begin- 
ning of the season what they are. They may be 
printed on a large piece of cardboard and hung 
in front of the society so that no one may forget 
them. 

Sometimes some of these tasks will naturally 
fall under the work of a committee. For in- 
stance, if the society decides to support an orphan 
in a missionary home, the missionary committee 
will be especially interested in this, and the com- 
mittee may be given charge of collecting funds 

123 



124 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

and making reports. So with much of the other 
work. 

No society will attempt to do all these things 
at once. Take the easiest first and gradually add 
others. Do not be in a hurry to accomplish every- 
thing. The following list makes no pretence of 
being complete. Superintendents will be able to 
think of other work that is needed in their locality 
and will doubtless do it. 

But just to show what a live Junior society 
can do, here is a report of things done in one year 
in a Junior society: 

Juniors joined the Red Cross. 

Juniors took courses in first aid and surgical 
dressing. 

Juniors knitted for the Red Cross. 

Juniors sold war-saving stamps. 

Juniors sold Liberty Bonds. 

Juniors wrote letters to soldiers. 

Juniors bought a $100 government bond. 

Juniors held a bazaar which netted a profit of 
$30. 

Juniors started a fund to buy furniture for the 
Junior and Sunday-school room. 

Juniors gave eight baskets of food at Christ- 
mas to poor families. 

Juniors made eight mistletoe wreaths at Christ- 
mas for the poor. 



WORK THE SOCIETY MAY DO 125 

Juniors bought and sent a large box of candy 
to the poor farm. 

Juniors visited nineteen shut-ins during the 
holidays. 

Juniors held serenades for shut-ins. 

Juniors gave a Christmas gift of $19 to the 
orphans 7 home. 

Juniors held eight socials. 

Juniors made scrap-books for the different 
committees. 

Flower committee grew bulbs, sold some, and 
gave others for church decoration. 

Juniors conducted a mission-study class. 

This is a really fine amount of work done. No 
doubt other societies are doing as well. The fol- 
lowing are a few more hints for things to do : 

Help a church-attendance campaign by dis- 
tributing invitations and so on. 

Make money for the society by selling photo- 
graphs, cards, magazines, and other articles. 

Conduct a reading-circle and report to the 
society on books read. 

Organize a flower-day for the church. 

Buy a phonograph for a children's hospital, 
the poor farm, or other institution. 

Place The Christian Endeavor World in the 
public library. 

Hold a class in Expert Endeavor, using "The 
Junior Text-Book." 



126 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 



Start a fund to buy a complete Junior Chris- 
tian Endeavor library for the use of the society. 

Start a fund to buy a missionary library. Also 
try to get church members to donate books toward 
this library. 

Buy athletic equipment, baseballs and bats, for 
the boys. 

Conduct a magazine table in the church vesti- 
bule ; collect from church members the magazines 
f or, it and place them on the table. 

If a country society, invite a certain number 
of Juniors from some poor section of the city for 
a day in the country. Feed them well and give 
them a good, time. 

Help the Gideons to place Bibles in the hotels 
of your town. 

Attend Christian Endeavor rallies in a body. 

Try to organize new societies, visiting churches 
where there are no societies, and holding model 
meetings to interest the Juniors there. 

Visit orphans' homes, old people's homes, and 
other institutions. 

Give Thanksgiving baskets to the poor. 

Be Santa Claus to several poor children. 

Occasionally give a demonstration of Junior 
work, especially memory work, in the Sunday- 
evening church service, if the pastor desires it. 

Supply The Christian Endeavor World and 
other magazines to railroad depot and barber shops. 



WORK THE SOCIETY MAY DO 127 

Put in the guest boxes at hotels invitations to 
attend the. church services on Sunday. 

Write letters to absent members. 

Support a native worker in a mission land. 

Take a dime and trade with it all summer, giv- 
ing the profit to the society. 

Once in a while attend in a body the church's 
midweek service. The pastor will probably per- 
mit the Juniors to take some part in the service. 

Arrange hikes, marshmallow roasts, athletic 
meets, and so on.. 

Give to the superintendent the names and ad- 
dresses of all children who move into your street 
or district. 

Give to the pastor the names of new families 
that move into the district. 

Hold a Christmas tree for the children of your 
district. 

Give entertainments. 

Conduct an every-member canvass to secure 
pledges to mission work. 

Prepare scrap-books and postal cards for mis- 
sionaries. 

Secure and send to missionaries (write your 
board for addresses) pictures that have been used 
in the Sunday school. 

Start a society stamp book; the Juniors to col- 
lect stamps that may be sold, the profits to go to 
the society's treasury. 



128 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

Hold sewing classes for girls. 

Start a boys' club. Invite the boys of the dis- 
trict. 

Work in clean-up campaigns in spring. 

Conduct a booth at a church fair. 

Buy and erect in front of the church, with 
the pastor's consent, a "Silent Preacher/' or bul- 
letin board on which messages are posted from 
time to time. 

Organize a Junior choir and orchestra. 

Write individual letters of greeting to church 
officers and pastor on their birthdays. 

Celebrate "Arbor Day." 

Plan a surprise for the pastor. 

Present to the church a pulpit Bible. 

Buy carpet for some room in church which 
needs it. 

Pay the church electric-light bill, or part of it. 

Help to pay the coal bill. 

Present to old ladies' home a box of quilt 
patches. 

Hold a potato meeting, the members each bring- 
ing several potatoes, which are given to the poor 
after the meeting. One society planted the pota- 
toes and gave the crop to the poor. 

Cultivate a society garden and give the produce 
to the poor. 

Raise money to put a stained glass window in 
the church. 



WORK THE SOCIETY MAY DO 129 

Tighten bolts on the seats in the meeting room. 

Repair damaged or worn cushions in church 
(this is work for girls). 

Paste covers on hymn books if they are de- 
tached. 

Buy a society rubber stamp and stamp all 
hymn books and magazines. 

Have a clean-up night when the members get 
out all books, hymn books, Bibles, and so on, and 
rub out all pencil marks, besides repairing books 
that need repair. 

If the society's badges or sashes get frayed 
the girls may have a sewing bee and repair them. 

Keep the church lawn tidy. Tend flowers 
around the church. 

Make a collection of missionary curios or ob- 
jects from mission lands. 

Make a collection of missionary pictures, past- 
ing them on cardboard or in a special scrap-book. 
Paste in or write the story of each picture. 

Support or help to equip a kindergarten for 
foreign children. 

Hold a gift service at Christmas, the gifts to 
go to the poor. 

Get names from United Charities or other or- 
ganization and have Juniors mail their maga- 
zines and papers to other children. 

Help to pay rent of a poor family. 

Help Christian Endeavor fresh-air homes which 



130 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

give poor children a two-weeks vacation in the 
country. 

Help the State and local Christian Endeavor 
unions. 

Help world-wide Christian Endeavor through 
the United Society of Christian Endeavor. 

Buy and send to a mission field a mirrorscope 
for throwing picture postal cards on a large screen. 

Some missions need baby organs, clarinets, 
money to dig a well, patch-work pieces of goods, 
bags in which candy may be placed at Christmas. 
Such things the Junior society may procure and 
send. 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 

Outline a season's work for a Junior society. 

Write out from memory a list of things a Junior society may do. 

How can we interest the whole society in its programme of work? 



CHAPTER XI 

JUNIOR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMME 

Material has been given in the foregoing chap- 
ters for an educational programme for Juniors. It 
covers the physical life, the mental life, the moral 
and the spiritual life. 

1. The Body. The Junior society does not pro- 
fess to be a school of athletics. It merely makes 
use of the fact that the body of the Junior is de- 
veloping and craves activity, and attempts to use 
this activity in order to teach moral and spiritual 
truths. Of course Junior superintendents are in- 
terested in the health of Juniors, and it is quite 
within their province, if need be, to give them 
health instruction. But this is the work rather 
of other institutions and while Christian Endeavor 
must sympathize with it and help it as occasion 
demands, it cannot give much time to it, except 
in the indirect way of hikes and outings. 

2. The Mind. The three mental activities with 
which we have to do are thought, feeling, and 

131 



132 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

will. How does Christian Endeavor propose to 
develop them? 

A. Thought. For the development of thought 
in its religious significance Christian Endeavor 
provides Bible drills, Bible memory work, and in- 
dependent thinking. Juniors are called upon to 
take part in the meeting; they are not only ex- 
pected to prepare for this at home, but questions 
are given them to answer, topics are given them 
to develop, and in the meeting they are expected 
to express whatever thoughts they may have 
achieved. 

B. Feeling. The aim of Christian Endeavor 
is to produce in the child's mind a definite emo- 
tional attitude toward the truths studied in the 
society. For example, a study of the parable of 
the Good Samaritan will do more than enlighten 
the mind; it should produce a definite emotion, a 
feeling of the nobility of the Samaritan's act, and 
at the same time a desire to emulate it. Feeling 
is the driving force of will and it is therefore 
necessary in any educational programme whatever 
that is to relate itself to life, to stir the emotions 
that the will may act. 

Both instinct and habit have their roots in feel- 
ing and draw their sustenance from that source. 
Thus if in our meetings we can produce the right 
attitude of Juniors toward moral and spiritual 
truths we shall establish them in righteousness. 



JUNIOR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM 133 

C. Will. Will is simply thought and feeling 
brought to the point of action. We must beware 
lest we let our topics spread out and disappear 
like water lost in sand. Every topic should issue 
in action and for this the will must be moved 
to decide. The Juniors should be led to make 
the application themselves if possible and to 1 say, 
perhaps silently, "I will do this," or "I will be 
like that." Sometimes the superintendent will be 
able to suggest appropriate action that the Juniors 
may take during the week. For instance, after 
a story like that of the good Samaritan, or a 
study of Matt. 25, "Inasmuch as ye have done it 
unto the least of these my brethren, ye have done 
it unto me/' she may suggest doing something 
for some poor person: taking flowers to them, 
sending them a basket of food, or some candy. 
The extent of the service is not so important as 
that some service be done as an expression of the 
lesson learned. 

3. The Soul. Religious training includes Bible 
knowledge and moral instruction, but it goes be- 
yond these things and enters into deeper rela- 
tions. The soul craves God. Even children may 
be led to accept Christ as Saviour, Friend, and 
Master, and follow Him. Even children may ex- 
perience God in their lives and learn to love Him, 
obey Him, and pray to Him as to a Friend. Junior 



134 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

Christian Endeavor aims at these high ends. The 
prayer meeting provides an opportunity for wor- 
ship. The Quiet Hour provides the same oppor- 
tunity in private. Bible memory work feeds the 
soul. The superintendent is in reality an evange- 
list, and her constant aim should be to lead the 
Juniors definitely to yield their hearts and lives 
to Christ. 

Missionary Education. — The suggestions al- 
ready given for missionary meetings and work in 
committees provide no mean missionary education. 
The great thing is to interest Juniors in missions. 
That Junior Christian Endeavor is doing this is 
seen when Juniors enter Intermediate or Senior 
society and from it go, and many of them do, to 
the mission field. It is well to begin early to give 
children the world outlook. The world must be 
redeemed by the men of to-morrow. Junior Chris- 
tian Endeavor puts missionary interest into the 
society and each season has one missionary text- 
book for study, and sometimes two. 

Co-ordinate the Work. — The programme of work 
for children in the church should be co-ordinated 
so that it does not seriously overlap. This seems 
obvious, yet the fact is that in many churches we 
find the Sunday school, the Junior society, and 
possibly other organizations doing in part the same 
kind of work. 



JUNIOR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM 135 

Look at this matter from the standpoint of the 
Junior. In the Sunday school, let us say, he is 
given home memory work to do. He joins the 
Junior society and there he is also given home 
memory work to 1 do. He may be a member of a 
mission band, and it may also set him home 
memory tasks. There is unnecessary overlapping 
in a case like this. But the same is true of 
other features, such as missions. 

The cure for this situation is a Junior-work 
council in the church. The head of every depart- 
ment of Junior work in the church should be a 
member of this council. The council should meet 
under the chairmanship of the pastor and dis- 
cuss the whole programme of work for children. 
Definite parts should be assigned to each organiza- 
tion and in this way the children's training will 
be rounded into a perfect whole. 

This does not mean, of course, that the Sunday 
school must not mention missions, but that it 
should not specialize on them. Let another organ- 
ization do that. If in a church a mission band is 
giving to the children of Junior age (7 to 13) ade- 
quate missionary training, covering the ground 
in mission-study classes, reading books, arrang- 
ing pageants, and so on, then the Junior society 
need not emphasize this side of the work, but give 
its energies to some other. In many cases it will 
be found that even where a mission band exists 



136 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

it cannot do all the expressional missionary work 
needed, and such work, clearly defined, may be 
assigned to the society to do. 

The principle to follow is to assign the work 
among the societies or organizations that can do 
it best ; specifying the emphasis which each or- 
ganization shall put on each subject, and thus 
avoid all needless duplication. Junior superin- 
tendents will be happy to co-operate in such a 
plan and may even take steps to put it into opera- 
tion. 

The Child's Quiet Hour. — Juniors are more than 
ready to sign a Quiet Hour covenant, just like 
grown-ups. They need not give so much time to 
their Quiet Hour as older people, but they can 
read the Bible every day and pray daily to God. 
This is all that the Quiet Hour demands of them. 
The covenant reads: 

COVENANT CARD 

of the 
COMRADES OF THE JUNIOR 
QUIET HOUR 
TRUSTING in the Lord Jesus Christ for 
strength, I will make it the rule of my life to 
set apart at least five minutes every day, if pos- 
sible in the early morning, for prayer and Bible 
reading. 

Signed 

Date 



JUNIOR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM 137 

To join the Junior Quiet Hour all that is neces- 
sary is for the Junior to sign this covenant (cards 
may be gotten from the United Society of the 
Christian Endeavor), keep it, and send the name 
to the Secretary, United Society of Christian 
Endeavor, 41 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Mass. 

The superintendent should instruct all who sign 
this covenant how to keep the Quiet Hour. And 
by the way, she should herself keep the Quiet 
Hour or she will hardly be able to teach others. 
She should tell the Juniors always to pray, how- 
ever briefly, when they rise in the morning. If 
they have time they may read the Bible then too ; 
but if not, then they may read it some time during 
the day or at night. 

This is the essence of keeping the covenant, but 
the Juniors may be told of other things to do. 
They should read the " Daily Portion,' ' or daily 
Bible reading connected with the topic for the week. 
(Booklets with daily readings are printed and 
should be used by every Junior. A very helpful 
book is ' ' The Child 's Quiet Hour, ' ' by Mrs. Francis 
E. Clark.) They may keep a notebook and write 
down any thought that comes to them while they 
read ; and such thoughts may be given in the meet- 
ing. In many homes the children may ask their 
parents the meaning of difficult passages. 

A more difficult matter is to instruct the 
children how to pray. The superintendent should 



138 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

tell them that God hears prayer, silent as well as 
oral. He is always present with us, although un- 
seen, and loves us like a father. Tell the Juniors 
to imagine Him their Father and just talk to 
Him as they would talk to their own father. Tell 
them that they may speak to God about anything 
whatever, but that they may not get all they ask 
for. God is wise and will not give us foolish 
things, or things that will harm us. But things 
that we know He wants us to have we may be- 
lieve we shall get sooner or later. Thus if we 
ask Him to help us resist temptation, He will do 
it if we trust Him. 

Some Juniors may be told to memorize hymns 
as a part of their Quiet Hour. The aim is de- 
votional and should be kept so. Do not make it 
a part of memory work alone. 

The Tenth Legion. — The Tenth Legion is an 
enrollment of those that promise to give one-tenth 
of their income to the Lord's work. The income 
of Juniors is small, but they can be taught to give 
one-tenth of it, whatever it be, to God. The habit 
of tithing acquired in childhood is easily main- 
tained throughout life. It is a good habit for the 
church, but it is a better one for the individual 
who acquires it. It teaches Him that God is a 
partner in his life; it broadens the individual's 
sympathies; it gives him money enough as a rule 



JUNIOR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM 139 

to help those that need help. 

To join the Tenth Legion Juniors may write 
and sign a simple promise to give one-tenth of 
their income to the Lord's work, then, through 
the superintendent, send their names to the Gen- 
eral Secretary of the United Society of Christian 
Endeavor, 41 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Mass. 

The superintendent will tell the Juniors about 
God's command to the Jews to give a tenth, just 
as they were commanded to set apart one day 
in the week for religious purposes. In a sense 
the tithe is to our money what Sunday is to our 
time. God demands one-seventh of our time and 
at least one-tenth of our money. 

Suggest that Junior Tenth Legioners keep an 
account with God. They may use a small book. 
In one column they will write down all money 
received or earned. Divide it by ten each week 
and set down this amount in another column. 
This is the tenth, or the Lord's portion, and should 
be set apart for His work. 

Money, however, given to the Juniors by parents 
or friends for church or Sunday school collections 
should be given for this purpose and not counted 
as income. Income is only what one gets for him- 
self alone. 

The Juniors should decide how they will spend 
this tenth. It is God's and must of course go to 
His work ; but they must determine to what phase 



140 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

of that work it shall go, whether to missions, or 
to church, or to the poor ; or what portions shall 
go to these causes. 

This puts responsibility on the Junior and 
teaches him how to handle his money. It is only 
a step from this administration of money to the 
administration of time and of life itself. The 
parables of stewardship will take on new mean- 
ing when they are studied and the foundations 
of a life of stewardship will be laid in the minds 
of the children. 

A Society Educational Policy. 

A policy contains selected items of work to be 
done in the coming year. It will touch all the 
kinds of work that Juniors should do, but will 
not attempt to put everything possible into the 
list. The items should be listed and printed on a 
large sheet of paper to hang in front of the so- 
ciety. The following is simply a sample and 
should not be followed slavishly. 

I. Training in the Theory of Christian En- 
deavor 

A class in "The Junior Text-Book.' 7 
Every Junior reading the Junior leaflet that 
deals with his work. 



JUNIOE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM 141 

II. Training Leaders 

A. Hold regular executive-committee meet- 

ings. 

B. Hold regular business meetings for the 

society. 

C. Have a finance committee to help the 

treasurer. 

D. Every Junior leading at least one meet- 

ing. 

III. Training in Service 

A. Committees organized : for instance, the 
prayer-meeting, lookout, missionary, 
social, and sunshine and flower. Other 
committees if possible. 
B. A definite plan for committee work each 
month for each committee. 

C. Every Junior a member of some com- 

mittee. 

D. To study missions and do definite mis- 

sionary work. 

E. To do something to help the poor and the 

sick. 

F. (Insert items of work such as are sug- 

gested in the chapter "Work a Junior 
Society May Do.") 



142 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

IV. Spiritual Training 

A. Active membership attending the church 

service. 

B. Preparation by every Junior at home for 

the Junior meeting. 

C. Participation by every Junior in the 

Junior meeting. 

D. Doing regular memory work. 

E. Every Junior a Comrade of the Child's 

Quiet Hour. 

F. At least one-half of the Juniors members 

of the Tenth Legion. 
G. Society studies, denominational history or 
catechism. 
H. Memorize a hymn each month. 

I. Read a book of the Bible each month. 
The above is very general. The superintendent 
should insert particulars. For instance, she should 
specify the missions or missionary book to be 
studied; the work the society will do for others; 
the memory work to be accomplished ; the memory 
hymns to be learned; and the book of the Bible 
to be read each month. 

Graduation. — At the age of thirteen, generally 
speaking, Juniors may be graduated into the 
Intermediate society, or, if there is no Interme- 
diate society, into the Senior. This age is not 



JUNIOR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM 143 

fixed, however, since some children mature earlier 
and some later than others. Some may be ready 
for graduation at twelve; some may go on until 
they are fourteen. The superintendent should 
study the child and determine the time of gradua- 
tion. 

Graduation Requirements. — Some societies re- 
quire those Juniors who graduate to do a certain 
amount of preparatory work, principally memory 
work. The standard must be determined by the 
superintendent. For instance the Juniors may be 
required to study the Junior efficiency leaflets or 
the book, "The Junior Text-Book," to give them a 
clear idea of the theory and methods of Christian 
Endeavor. They should be able to repeat several 
hymns from memory; to have read certain por- 
tions of the Bible (which the superintendent will 
select); and to have done a definite amount of 
Bible memory work. 

A Graduation Standard. — This is merely a sug- 
gestion. Superintendents may make their own 
standards : 

1. Memorize at least ten of the "Practical 
Passages." (See Chapter XII.) 

2. Must have a good record of attendance (the 
superintendent to decide). 



144 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

3. Must have studied at least four of the Junior 
Efficiency leaflets. 

4. Must have led a meeting. 

5. Must have served in all at least six months 
as an officer. 

6. Must have served on two committees. 

7. Memorize at least six hymns. 

8. Must have read a missionary book selected 
by superintendent. 

9. Must have done some handwork, made a 
scrap-book, a poster, or sunshine article to be 
given to poor children. 

Graduation Exercises. — It is best to graduate 
Juniors in groups and a good time is Christian 
Endeavor Day, although any other time will do 
as well. Some societies hold graduation exercises 
on the last day on which the graduating Juniors 
are to be with the Junior society. Other societies 
plan to have a joint meeting with the Intermediate 
or Senior society, as the case may be, when the 
Juniors are graduated. In any case a special 
exercise should be prepared. This will include 
singing of a graduation song, a graduation prayer, 
short talks by the president of the Junior society 
and of the Intermediate society, and perhaps the 
graduating Juniors may take some part in the 
meeting. They will sign the pledge of the older 
society, and this should be made a feature and the 



JUNIOR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM 145 

occasion of a short talk of welcome to them by the 
pastor. The United Society of Christian Endeavor 
has a graduation exercise for Juniors which may 
prove useful. 

It is a fine practice for a Junior society to present 
to each graduating Junior a Christian Endeavor 
pin and exhort him or her to wear it. 

The interest of the superintendent in the Juniors 
should not cease when they graduate. She may 
do much to help them to feel themselves at home 
in the older society, especially if she herself is 
a member of it. She should see that they are 
placed on some committee; she should tell the 
president of the society something about each 
Junior's qualifications; and she should try to help 
the graduate Juniors to take some part in the older 
society's meetings. They must be encouraged lest 
they fall into silence and lose interest. The tran- 
sition must be made as easy for them as possible, 
and it should be the aim of the lookout committee 
of the older society to lead the graduates into the 
society's life. It would be a good idea if societies 
had a welcoming committee whose duty it would 
be especially to make newcomers, graduates and 
others, welcome, introduce them to others, try to 
build up friendships, and secure invitations for 
new members to the homes of some of the old. 



146 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 



QUESTIONS FOR, REVIEW 

How may the society help develop the bodies of Juniors ? 

How does Christian Endeavor train Juniors to think for them- 
selves ? 

How can we guide a child's emotional life? 

What is will and how should we appeal to it? 

What should be the aim of religious training in the society? 

How can we teach missions to Juniors? 

Why should the work of all Junior organizations in a church be 
co-ordinated, and how can this be done? 

What is the Child's Quiet Hour, and how join it? 

What may Juniors do in their Quiet Hour? 

What is the Tenth Legion? 

What should Juniors be taught about giving? 

Outline a society educational policy. 

When should Juniors be graduated? 

Outline some standards of graduation. 

How should graduation exercises be conducted? 



CHAPTER XII 

BIBLE DRILLS AND MEMORY WORK 

Bible Drills.— The object of Bible drills is to 
accustom Juniors to use their Bibles. The drill is 
mechanical, not spiritual, but it nevertheless helps 
the Juniors in later years when they take up a 
more careful study of the Book than they can pur- 
sue as children. 

Learning the Names of the Bible Books. — This 
is the first step. How should it be done ? Let the 
superintendent write out a scheme like this : 

Old Testament 

1. The Books of Moses : Genesis, Exodus, Levi- 
ticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy. 

2. The Historical Books : Joshua to Esther. 

3. The Poetical Books : Job, Psalms, Proverbs, 
Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon. 

4. The Great Prophets : Isaiah, Jeremiah, Eze- 
kiel, Daniel. 

5. The Lesser Prophets: Hosea to Malachi. 

147 



148 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

New Testament 

1. The Four Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, 
John. 

2. History of the Church : Acts. 

3. TauVs Letters : Romans to Philemon. 

4. Other Letters: Hebrews to Jude. 

5. Prophecy : Revelation. 

For the Old Testament get five fairly large 
pieces of cardboard or stiff paper. On one write 
"The Books of Moses," following this with the 
names of the books. On another write "The His- 
torical Books," writing the name of each book in 
full. Give a card to each section, and do the same 
with the New Testament. 

Get the Juniors to copy the first card and memor- 
ize the names. The second week show them the 
second card, get them to copy it, and memorize the 
names. In this way go through all sections; but 
do not hurry. Give the Juniors time to do the 
work thoroughly. Keep reviewing the work of 
past weeks. Only through persistent repetition 
will the Juniors absorb these names and their rela- 
tions. 

It may help them, after they have mastered the 
names, let us say, of the Old Testament books, and 
the cards are hung in order on the wall, if the 
superintendent relates the groups to one another by 



BIBLE DRILLS— MEMORY WORK 149 

outlining very briefly the Bible story in this 
fashion : 

i. Genesis is the book of beginnings : it tells us 
about creation, or the beginning of the world, the 
beginning of sin, of agriculture, of art, of industry, 
of God's choosing Abraham and his family. 

Exodus shows us Abraham 's descendants in slav- 
ery in Egypt and tells how God redeems them and 
brings them out of bondage. 

Leviticus is a book of laws. 

Numbers tells the story of Israel's wandering 
from Egypt to Canaan. 

Deuteronomy is a summary of the law told in 
great speeches. 

ii. The Historical Boohs tell how Israel entered 
Canaan and conquered the land {Joshua) ; how 
they lived there under judges {Judges) ; Ruth is a 
beautiful story of those days of the Judges; the 
books of Samuel (who was the last of the Judges) 
tell how Israel set up a kingdom under Saul and 
later under David; while the books of Kings and 
Chronicles tell the history of the kingdom— how in 
the days of the son of Solomon the twelve tribes 
quarreled and ten tribes, ever after called Israel, 
separated from the other two, called Judah. These 
books tell of the reigns of the kings in both king- 
doms and of how, because of sin, Israel was over- 
come by enemies and carried away captive from 



150 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

their land, never to return. Years later Judah 
was also conquered and carried to Babylon, but 
after more than half a century, in the days of Ezra 
and Nehemiah, Judah returned to Palestine and 
built the temple and the city of Jerusalem. Esther 
is a story of what happened to some Jews in Baby- 
lon. 

If the Juniors once catch the sequence of events 
they will always know where to look for these 
books. 

In the same way relate the Great Prophets to 
this history. Isaiah lived before the captivity. 
Jeremiah lived immediately before it and took part 
in the events that led up to it. Ezekiel was one of 
those who was carried to Babylon and prophesied 
there. Daniel grew up in Babylon and prophesied 
there. 

The other prophets are harder to place and may 
be left for later study. 

Drill in Finding Books. — While the Juniors are 
learning the names and sequence of these books test 
them each Sunday in finding the books rapidly. 
Name a book and have the Juniors search for it ; the 
one that finds it first should rise. Book-finding 
contests are helpful. 

The New Testament. — Teach the names of the 
books in the same way and point out the sequence — 
the story of Jesus in the gospels; the story of the 



BIBLE DRILLS— MEMORY WORK 151 

church in Acts; instruction in life and Christian 
teaching in the letters; and prophecy in Revela- 
tion. 

A Card Drill. — Prepare cards about 2 inches 
broad and 4 inches long. Punch a small hole at 
one end of each card so that the card may be hung 
on a nail. 

Now write the names of the books of the Bible 
on the cards, one name on each card. Shuffle the 
cards and let the Juniors arrange them in proper 
order. If you can have nails on the wall on which 
to hang the cards this will enable the Juniors to 
follow the one who is rearranging the names; but 
if not, arrange them on a table. 

A contest on speed of rearrangement may be 
held; two Juniors may take part on each side and 
work together. If you have only one set of cards 
the sides should be carefully timed. 

Verse-Finding Drill. — After the Juniors have 
learned the names and places of the books of the 
Bible a few minutes may be given at every meeting 
for verse-finding drills. Children attain remark- 
able proficiency and speed at this work, which 
should be kept up during the society's life. 

The superintendent, an assistant, or one of the 
Juniors may give out the verses for which the 
Juniors are to search. The proper method of doing 
this in a drill is to keep to the last the vital point, 



152 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

namely, the name of the book. If the passage to 
be searched for is Isaiah 40 :10, the superintendent 
will say, ' ' Chapter 40, verse 10. ' ' Pause a moment 
to let all the Juniors get this clearly, then name the 
book, "Isaiah," and the pack is off at once. 

Verse-finding contests may be held between Reds 
and Blues, the society being divided into two groups 
for this purpose; or contests between committees; 
or a verse-finding bee may be held at a social, two 
sides participating, points being given to the side 
finding each verse first, and the side winning which 
has the largest number of points. A straight verse- 
finding spell-down may be held, one point being 
given to each Junior who finds a verse first, the 
Junior winning who makes the highest score. 

Spelling Drill. — The Juniors should be taught 
to spell the names of the Bible books correctly. A 
spell-down, using only words that appear in the 
few moments may be given to spelling the names at 
each meeting. 

A variation may be made in this way. Ask the 
Juniors to read a book in the Bible, say Ruth or 
James or First John. Then at a social have a 
book agreed upon. The Junior wins who keeps 
going longest. 

Combination Drill and Memory Work. — To keep 
Bible texts fresh in the memory of the Juniors the 



BIBLE DRILLS— MEMORY WORK 153 

superintendent may write out catch phrases from a 
number of texts and test the Juniors with them. 
Thus, she will say, ' ' God so loved . . " If a Junior 
remembers the whole text he may rise and repeat 
it. 

Insist on the Juniors ' not only repeating the 
texts — all texts — but also giving chapter and verse 
for them. This will prove valuable later. 

A Parable Drill. — "When the Juniors have mas- 
tered the parables of Jesus, drill them by having 
them tell the parable story and its application. 
One parable may be enough for each meeting, two 
at the most. The other Juniors will benefit by this 
drill, and the parables will be fixed in the minds of 
those that have studied them. 

Do the same thing with the miracles of Jesus. 

Map Drills, — The Sunday school probably has 
a wall map of Palestine, and the society may get 
permission to use it. If there is no such map, the 
society may earn money and buy one. There are 
several kinds of maps : first of all, the ordinary 
flat map with names of places. This is good, if it is 
the best that you can get. Use it and drill the 
Juniors in finding the principal places in Bible 
story in it : Jerusalem ; Galilee ; Judea ; Gennesa- 
ret, and so on. 



154 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

One thing is important : connect events with the 
places. A mere name has no interest to Juniors, 
but if events are linked up with the names, both 
the events and the names will stand clearly forth 
in their memories. Thus Gennesaret should always 
be connected with the draft of fishes (Luke 5:1), 
and other events; Jerusalem with the crucifixion, 
the cleansing of the temple, and so forth. In the 
map drill, therefore, the Juniors will not only find 
the towns, but also tell what happened there. 

A better map than the flat map is one that gives 
a bird's eye view of the country and shows towns 
and mountain ranges. Such a map may be used 
to great profit. It may be used also for the Juniors 
to copy in papier mache (see "Handwork for 
Juniors" for method). This will give the children 
a far better idea of the country than a flat map 
can do. 

Map-drill, of course, can be applied to mission 
countries, and the Junior will find the mission sta- 
tions and tell their stories. 

Bible-Biography Drill. — The superintendent or 
one of the older Juniors tells the story of some 
Bible character, without mentioning the name, and 
the Juniors guess who is referred to. Sometimes 
only part of the story is told and the Juniors sup- 
plement it with other facts. 



BIBLE DRILLS— MEMORY WORK 155 

BIBLE ALPHABETS. 

The usual way to build up a Bible Alphabet is 
by asking the Juniors the first Sunday to bring to 
the next meeting a Bible verse beginning with 
the letter "A." Each Junior will read or recite 
his verse in the meeting, and the society, guided 
by the superintendent, will select the best verse 
quoted. All the members will then make a note 
of this verse and memorize it for the following 
meeting. The superintendent will write the let- 
ter "A" followed by the chosen verse on a large 
sheet of paper hung on the wall. 

The second week the Juniors are asked to bring 
verses beginning with "B," and the best verse is 
selected. In this way go through the alphabet. 
The superintendent, of course, will have a verse 
ready each week in ease the Juniors have not 
found any. 

A good plan is to divide the society into two 
sides and have an alphabet contest. Each side 
scores ten points when its verse is selected — the 
superintendent being judge — the other side scor- 
ing five points when it has a good verse which, 
however, is not considered the best. 

A Great-Word Alphabet. — Here is an alphabet 
built upon another principle — great words in the 
Bible. Ask the Juniors to memorize these verses, 



156 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

one or two — perhaps more than that — each week. 

This alphabet is merely a suggestion of what 
may be done along this line. The superintendent 
will easily build up others, using other words and 
finding the texts by means of a concordance. In 
this case the word ''Abide" has been chosen, but 
" abstain" or "ashamed" or "ask" or many other 
words would have done as well. 

A bide — John 15:7. 

B read — John 6:35. 

C ontentment — 1 Tim. 6 :6. 

D eath— John 8:51. 

E ternal Life— Rom. 6 :23. 

F orgiveness — Eph. 1 :7. 

G race— Eph. 2:8. 

H oliness— 2 Cor. 7 :1. 
I nheritance — 1 Pet. 1 :3, 4. 

J oy — John 15 :11. 

K ingdom — Rom. 14:17. 

L ove — John 14:15. 

M ercy — Jas. 5 :11. 

N eighbor — Rom. 15:2. 

bedience — Heb. 5 :8. 

p eace— Phil. 4:7. 

Q uietness— 2 Thess. 3:11. 

R ighteousness — Matt. 6:33. 

S alvation— Heb. 2:3. 

T idings— Luke 2 :10. 

U nderstanding — Prov. 2:2, 3. 



BIBLE DRILLS— MEMORY WORK 157 

V engeance — Rom. 12 :19. 
W ork— John 9 :4. 

X —Except— John 3 :3. 

Y oke— Matt. 11:29. 
Z ealous— Tit. 2:14. 

Other Alphabets. — The principle just explained 
can be applied indefinitely. Thus the name of 
one 's city may be taken and a set of verses chosen 
from the Bible, one verse for each letter of the 
city's name. Thus: 

B e of good cheer. 

Mark 14:27. 
ffend. 

In many things we offend all . . Jas. 3 :2. 
S pirit. 

God is a spirit. . . . John 4 :24. 
T ree. The tree is known by its fruit. . . 

Luke 6:44. 
vercometh. 

The victory that overcometh the world. 
... 1 John 5:4. 
N oble. 

The Bereans were more noble. . .- . Acts 
17:11. 
In this case the first letters of the key words 
spell the name, Boston. 



158 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

The Juniors may learn a series of verses be- 
ginning with the letters of their own names, or of 
the name of the church, or of the pastor, to vary 
the bald alphabet rule. 

"I Am" Verses. — Here is another series of 
verses that the Juniors may learn. The complete 
verses and not merely the phrases here given 
should be memorized. 

I am that I am. Exod. 3 :14. 

I am the true vine. John 15 :1. 

I am the bread of life. John 6 :20. 

I am the light of the world. John 8 :12. 

I am the door. John 10:9. 

I am the good shepherd. John 10:11. 

I am the resurrection and the life. John 11 :25. 

I am the way, the truth, and the life. 
John 14:6. 

I am he that liveth and was dead. Rev. 1 :18. 

I am alpha and omega. Rev. 1 :8. 

"I Will," or Words of Invitation. — Here are 
some fine verses to memorize; note the "I will" in 
each of them. 

Invitation. Matt. 11:28-30. 

Reception. John 6:37. 

Healing. Matt. 8:2, 3. 



BIBLE DRILLS— MEMORY WORK 159 

Confession. Matt. 10:32. 
Service. Matt. 4:19. 
Comfort. John 14 :18. 
Subjection. Matt. 26:39. 
Glorification. John 17:24. 

More "I Will M Verses. — These verses are from 
the Psalms. The names we have given them sug- 
gest the lesson. Of course the list may be indefi- 
nitely extended. 

I will trust. Ps. 4:8. 

I will testify. Ps. 22 :22. 

I will teach. Ps. 51 :13. 

I will pray. Ps. 28 :1. 

I will obey. Ps. 119:32. 

I will praise. Ps. 13:6. 

Symbols-of-the-Spirit Verses. — The superin- 
tendent will explain the meaning of the symbols 
to the Juniors as they learn these verses. 

Wind. John 3:8. 

Oil. 1 John 2:20. (Compare the vision of the 
golden candlestick and the two olive trees in 
Zach. 4.) 
Dove. John 1 :32. 
Rivers of Water. John 7 :38, 39. 
Tongues of Fire. Acts 2 :3. 



160 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

Memory Work in Connection with Great Topics. 

— Often the daily readings given in the booklet, 
"The Daily Portion," contain verses that the Jun- 
iors may memorize, one verse a day, throughout 
the week. Sometimes the superintendent may 
make up a set of seven memory verses in connec- 
tion with the topic for the following week and 
ask the Juniors to memorize them. The follow- 
ing is a suggestion taken from the great theme, 
"Salvation." Thus: 

The purpose of salvation is 
Godward — obedience. 1 Pet, 1 :14. 
Christward — fellowship or companionship with 

Him. 1 John 1 :3. 
Spiritward — filled with Him. Eph. 5 :18. 
Toward Others — loving service. 1 John 3 :17. 
Toward the World — be unlike it. Rom. 12 :1, 2. 
Toward Satan — overcome him. 1 John 2 :14. 
Toward Ourselves — self-denial. Luke 9 :23. 

Here Is Another Exercise on "God's Gifts.' ' — 

Good and perfect gifts. Jas. 1 :17. 

Eternal life. John 10:28. 

Rest. Matt. 11:28. 

Peace. John 14:27. 

Salvation. Eph. 2:8. 

All things. 1 Tim. 6 :17. 

A crown of life. Jas. 1:12. 



BIBLE DRILLS— MEMORY WORK 161 

Practical Passages. 

Old Testament Memory Work. 

1. Creation. Gen. 1 :l-5. 

2. The Ten Commandments. Exod. 20 :3-17. 

3. Benediction. Num. 6 :24-26. 

4. Memories. Deut. 8 :2-5. 

5. Two Men. Ps. 1 :l-6. 

6. The King. Ps. 2:1-12. 

7. God's Greatness. Ps. 8:1-9. 

8. God's Law. Ps. 19:7-14. 

9. The Shepherd. Ps. 23 :l-6. 

10. Trust in God. Ps. 91 :1-16. 

11. Thanksgiving. Ps. 103 :1-13. 

12. Song of the Traveller. Ps. 121:1-8. 

13. The House of God. Ps. 84 :l-4, 10-12. 

Practical Passages. 

New Testament Memory Work. 

1. The Beatitudes. Matt. 5:3-12. 

2. Sincerity. Matt. 5 :33-37. 

3. Christian Love. Matt. 5:38-48. 

4. The Lord's Prayer. Matt. 6:9-13. 

5. Anxiety. Matt. 6:25-34. 

6. Unkind Words. Matt. 7 :l-5. 

7. Two Houses. Matt. 7 :24-27. 

8. Rest. Matt. 11:28-30. 



162 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

9. Angels' Song. Luke 2:8-14. 

10. The Lost Son. Luke 15:11-24. 

11. Forgiveness. Luke 17 :3, 4. 

12. The True Light. John 1 :1-14. 

13. God's Love. John 3:14-17. 

14. Life and Service. Rom. 12:1-21. 

15. Paul's Hymn to Love. 1 Cor. 13 :1-13. 

16. Things to Think Over. Phil. 4 :8. 

17. Risen with Christ. Col. 3 :l-4. 

18. Sin and Pardon. 1 John 1 :8-10 ; 2 :1, 2. 

19. The Father's Love. 1 John 3 :l-3. 

20. How to Love. 1 John 3 :16-18. 

21. The Song of Mary. Luke 1 :46-55. 

22. A Vision of the Redeemed. Rev. 7 :13-17. 

23. A Vision of Heaven. Rev. 22 :l-5. 

24. Diligent in Goodness. 2 Pet. 1 :5-ll. 

A Bible-Biography Alphabet. 

Juniors may be taught the stories of the men 
and women in the following list. Note that the 
first names spell out the entire alphabet, with the 
exception of W, Y, and X. This list does not by 
any means exhaust the possibilities of this method 
of creating interest in Bible biographies. For in- 
stance, for the letter "A" the name of Abraham 
has been selected. But there are others whose 
names begin with "A" — Ananias, for instance, or 
Annas, the high priest, or Aaron, the priest, the 
brother of Moses. The same thing is true of most 



BIBLE DRILLS— MEMORY WORK 163 

of the other letters, so that a live superintendent 
will follow this exercise with another biographical 
alphabet of her own. We are interested at 
present merely in presenting the method. 

The life stories of these characters should be 
searched out and found as far as possible. We 
have given a single text as a starting point. A 
memory verse has been linked on to each charac- 
ter ; but the Juniors should learn the whole story 
and not this one verse. These stories should be 
told in the meeting from time to time : 

A is for Abraham. Gen. 12:1. Memory verse: 

Heb. 11 :8. 
B is for Balaam. Num. 22 :5. Memory verse : 

Num. 22 :34. 
C is for Cain. Gen. 4 :8. Memory verse : 

1 John 3 :12. 
D is for David. 1 Sam. 16 :8. Memory verse : 

Acts 13 :36, 37. 
E is for Elijah. 1 Kings 17 :1. Memory verse: 

Jas. 5 :17. 
F is for Felix. Acts 24 :10. Memory verse : 

Acts 24 :25. 
G is for Gideon. Judg. 6 :11. Memory verse : 

Judg. 7 :7. 
H is for Hannah. 1 Sam. 1 :11. Memory verse : 

1 Sam. 2:2. 
I is for Isaac. Gen. 22:2. Memory verse: 
Gen. 22 :7. 



164 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

J is for Jacob. Gen. 25 :33, 34. Memory verse 

Gen. 32 :26. 
K is for Korah. Num. 16:1. Memory verse 

Jude 11. 
L is for Lazarus. John 11 :1. Memory verse 

John 11 :25. 
M is for Mary. Matt. 1 :16. Memory verse : 

John 2 :5. 
N is for Noah. Gen. 6:8. Memory verse: 

Gen. 8 :21. 
is for Onesimus. Philemon 10. Memory 

verse : Philemon 7. 
P is for Peter. Matt. 4:18. Memory verse 

Matt. 16:18. 
Q is for Quartus. Rom. 16 :23. Memory verse 

Rom. 16:19. 
R is for Ruth. Ruth 1 :4. Memory verse : 

Ruth 1 :16. 
S is for Saul. 1 Sam. 9 :2. Memory verse : 

1 Sam. 15 :23. 
T is for Thomas. Matt. 10:3. Memory verse 

John 4 :5, 6. 
U is for Uzza,. 1 Chron. 13:7-10. Memory 

verse: John 2:16. 
V is for Vashti. Esth. 1:9. Memory verse: 

1 Tim. 2 :9. 
Z is for Zacchaeus. Luke 19 :2. Memory verse 

John 12 :21. 



BIBLE DRILLS— MEMORY WORK 165 

Rewards. — Juniors crave recognition, and they 
should be rewarded suitably for good work done. 
Thus, a symbol such as a sun, a cross, a shield, and 
such like, should be prepared for each of the 
"Practical Passages" series of verses, and when 
a Junior learns one of the passages the appropri- 
ate symbol should be given him. These symbols 
should be strung on colored ribbons and kept in 
the society, the Juniors' names being written on a 
special card. The Juniors will watch these sym- 
bols increase in number and will work hard to get 
the next one. Symbols may be obtained from the 
United Society of Christian Endeavor, Boston, 
Mass. 

For other memory work stars should be given 
to be fixed on the sashes of the Juniors. When a 
Junior has won five stars they should be ex- 
changed for one crescent, and when he has won 
five crescents they should be changed for one sun. 
Or, if desired, the Juniors may be allowed to keep 
the stars and get a crescent in addition; and so 
with the crescents and suns. 

An honor-roll may also be kept with stars of 
different colors placed opposite the names of the 
Juniors according to the memory work they have 
done. 

Some societies give the Juniors special titles. 
The title "Page" is given to those that have 
studied "The Junior Text-Book." The title 



166 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

" Squire' ' is earned by doing specific memory 
work and holding office or doing committee work. 
Those that reach a certain standard of memory 
work are called "Knights," while the title of 
"Royal Knight" is given to those that have 
earned all the other titles and are recommended 
by the pastor for faithfulness, character, growth, 
and service. 

QUESTIONS FOE REVIEW 

What is the value of Bible drills for Juniors ? 

How should we teach Juniors the names of Bible books? 

Outline the relation of the Bible books to one another. 

What is a verse-finding drill, and how conduct it? 

What is the value of a spelling drill? 

What is a Bible-biography drill? 

How may we conduct a parable drill? 

A map drill? 

How are Bible alphabets made? 

What is a Great Word alphabet? 

Name some other alphabets. 

Quote some "I Am" verses. 

How may we use great topics in memory work ? 

Why should Juniors memorize great Bible passages ? 

What is a Bible-biography alphabet? 

Why use honor-rolls in memory work? 



CHAPTER XIII 

SHORT BIBLE PRAYERS. 

These prayers may be given to Juniors to mem- 
orize and rise in the meeting as sentence prayers. 
The superintendent will find many Bible phrases, 
expressing supplication and aspiration, that are 
suitable for such prayers. The Psalms are especi- 
ally rich in them. The texts may be written in 
full on cards — the prayer-meeting committee 
doing the work at home — or the references alone 
may be written. These cards the superintendent 
will give to Juniors whom she wishes to take part 
in the meeting in this way. 

Supplication. 

Ps. 17:5: Hold up my goings in my paths, that my foot- 
steps slip not. 

Ps. 17:8: Keep me as the apple of thine eye, hide me 
under the shadow of thy wings. 

Mark 9:24: Lord I believe; help thou mine unbelief. 

Luke 18:13: God be merciful to me a sinner. 

Ps. 90:14: O satisfy us early with thy mercy; that we 
imay rejoice and be glad all our days. 

167 



168 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

Ps. 90:17: Let the beauty of the Lord our God be upon 
us; and establish thou the work of our hands upon 
us; yea, the work of our hands establish thou it. 

Ps. 51:1: Wash me thoroughly from mine iniquity, and 
cleanse me from my sin. 

Aspiration. 

Job 23:3: O that I knew where I might find him! that I 

might come even unto his seat! 
Ps. 17:15: Hold up my goings in thy paths, that my 

footsteps slip not. 
Ps. 18:1: I will love thee, O Lord, my strength. 
Ps. 22:19: But be not thou far from me, O Lord; O my 

strength, haste thee to help me. 
Ps. 25:4: Show me thy ways, O Lord; teach me thy path. 

Ps. 26:8: Lord, I have loved the habitation of thy house, 
and the place where thine honor dwelleth. 

Ps. 27:4: One thing have I desired of the Lord, that will 
I seek after: that I may dwell in the house of the 
Lord all the days of my life, to behold the beauty 
of the Lord, and to inquire in his temple. 

1 Cor. 2:9: Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard, neither have 
entered into the heart of man, the things that God 
hath prepared for them that love him. 

Ps. 84:1,2: O how amiable are thy tabernacles, O Lord 
of hosts! My soul longeth, yea, even fainteth, for 
the courts of the Lord; my heart and my flesh 
crieth out for the living God. 

Eph. 3:14-19: For this cause I bow my knees unto the 
Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, of whom the whole 
family in heaven and earth is named; that he would 



SHORT BIBLE PRAYERS 169 

grant you, according to the riches of his glory, to 
be strengthened with might by his Spirit in the inner 
man; that Christ may dwell in your hearts by faith; 
that ye, being rooted and grounded in love, may be 
able to comprehend with all saints what is the 
breadth, and length, and depth, and height; and to 
know the love of Christ, which passeth knowledge, 
that ye might be filled with all the fulness of God. 

Praise. 

Ps. 8:1: O Lord our God, how excellent is thy name in all 

the earth! who hast set thy glory above the heavens! 
Ps. 9:1: I will praise thee, O Lord, with any whole heart; 

I will show forth thy marvellous works. 
Ps. 18:30: As for God, his way is perfect; the word of 

the Lord is tried; he is a buckler to all those that 

trust in him. 
Ps. 19:1: The heavens declare the glory of God; and the 

firmament declareth his handiwork. 
Ps. 30:5: For his anger endureth but a moment: in his 

favor is life; weeping may endure for a night, but 

joy cometh in the morning. 
Ps. 32:1: Blessed is he whose transgression is forgiven, 

whose sin is covered. 
Ps. 32:2: Blessed is the man unto whom the Lord im- 

puteth not iniquity, and in whose spirit there is no 

guile. 

Ps. 34:4: I sought the Lord, and he heard me, and de- 
livered me from all my fears. 

Ps. 34:8: O taste and see that the Lord is good: blessed 
is the man that trusteth in him. 



170 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

Faith. 

Ps. 3:6: I will not be afraid of ten thousands of people, 

that have set themselves against one round about. 
Ps. 5:3: My voice shalt thou hear in the morning, O 

Lord; in the morning will I direct my prayer unto 

thee, and will look up. 
Ps. 5:11: But let all those that put their trust in thee 

rejoice: let them shout for joy, because thou defend- 

est them; let them also that love thy name be joyful 

in thee. 
Ps. 16:8: I have set the Lord always before me: because 

he is at my right hand, I shall not be moved. 
Ps. 20:1: The Lord hear thee in the day of trouble; the 

name of the God of Jacob defend thee. 
Ps. 23:1: The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want. 
Ps. 25:14: The secret of the Lord is with them that fear 

him; and he will show them his covenant. 
Ps. 27:1: The Lord is my light and my salvation ; whom 

shall I fear? The Lord is the strength of any life; 

of whom shall I be afraid? 



Thanksgiving. 

Exod. 15:2: The Lord is my strength and song, and he 
is become my salvation. 

Ps. 18:35: Thou hast also given me the shield of thy 
salvation; and thy right hand hath holden me up, 
and thy gentleness hath made me great. 

2 Cor. 9:15: Thanks be unto God for his unspeakable 
gift. 

Ps. 103:1-5: Bless the Lord, O my soul; and all that is 
within me, bless his holy name. Bless the Lord, O 
my soul, and forget not all his benefits: 



SHORT BIBLE PRAYERS 171 

Who forgiveth all thine iniquities; who healeth all 
thy diseases; who redeemeth thy life from destruc- 
tion; who crowneth thee with loving kindness and 
tender mercies; who satisfied thy mouth with good 
things, so that thy youth is renewed like the eagle 's. 

Ps. 100:1: Make a joyful noise unto the Lord, all ye 
lands. 

Ps. 105:1,2: give thanks unto the Lord; call upon his 
name; make known his deeds among the people. 
Sing unto him, sing psalms unto him; talk ye of all 
his wondrous works. 

Dedication. 

Isa. 6:8: Here am I, send me. 
Rom. 1:15: As much as in me is, I am ready. 
1 Cor. 2:2: For I determined not to know anything among 
you but Jesus Christ and him crucified. 

Benedictions. 

Num. 6:24-26: The Lord bless thee and keep thee; the 
Lord make his face to shine upon thee and be gra- 
cious unto thee; the Lord lift up his countenance 
upon thee, and give thee peace. 

Rom. 11:33: O the depth of the riches both of the wisdom 
and knowledge of God! How unsearchable are his 
judgments, and his ways past finding out! 

1 Thess. 5:23: And the very God of peace sanctify you 

wholly; and I pray God your whole spirit and soul 
and body may be preserved blameless unto the com- 
ing of our Lord Jesus Christ. 

2 Thess. 3:16: Now the God of peace himself give you 

peace always by all means. The Lord be with you 
all. 



172 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

Rom. 8:38,39: For I am persuaded that neither death, 
nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, 
nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, 
nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to 
separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ 
Jesus our Lord. 

1 Cor. 15:57,58: But thanks be to God which giveth us 

the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ. There- 
fore, my beloved brethren, be ye steadfast, unmov- 
able, always abounding in the work of the Lord, 
forasmuch as ye know that your labor is not in 
vain in the Lord. 

2 Cor. 13:14: The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and 

the love of God, and the communion of the Holy 
Ghost, be with you all. 

Heb. 13:20, 21: Now the God of peace, that brought again 
from the dead our Lord Jesus, that great shepherd 
of the sheep, through the blood of the everlasting 
covenant, make you perfect in every good work to 
do his will, working in you that which is well pleas- 
ing in his sight, through Jesus Christ; to whom be 
glory for ever and ever. 

1 John 5:20: And we know that the Son of God is come, 
and hath given us an understanding, that we may 
know him that is true; and we are in him that is 
true, even in his Son Jesus Christ. This is the true 
God and eternal life. 

Rev. 1:5,6: Unto him that loved us, and washed us from 
our sins in his own blood, and hath made us kings 
and priests unto God and his Father; to him be 
glory and dominion for ever and ever. 

Jude 24: Now unto him that is able to keep you from 



SHORT BIBLE PRAYERS 173 

falling, and to present you faultless before the pres- 
ence of his glory with exceeding joy; to the only 
wise, God our Saviour, be glory and majesty, domin- 
ion and power, both now and ever. 
1 Tim. 1:17: Now to the King eternal, immortal, invisi- 
ble, the only wise God, be honor and glory for ever 
and ever. 

Eph. 3:20: Now unto him that is able to do exceeding 
abundantly above all that we ask or think, according 
to the power that worketh in us, unto him be glory 
in the church by Jesus Christ throughout all ages, 
world without end. 

Using the Bible in Prayer. — The superintendent 
may also teach the Juniors how to use, the Bible 
in their prayers, quoting Bible words that ex- 
press their ideas. Thus a Junior may pray : 

"Lord; help me to cast all my care on thee, for 
thou carest for me." The thought, but not neces- 
sarily the exact words is given. An example or 
two may be helpful, but the superintendent will 
easily find others for herself. 

' ' O Lord, may we feel that we are lights in the world 
and seek to shine for thee. " 

"Make us pure in heart, dear Father, for it is the pure 
in heart that see God. ' ' 

"Keep us from being quarrelsome, O Lord, because it 
is the peacemaker that is a child of God. " 

"We thank thee that thou didst so love the world that 
thou didst give thy Son for us, to save us from sin and 
death." 



174 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

"Lord, we would believe in thee; help thou our unbelief 
and weakness. ' ' 

"We would be taught by thee, Lord Jesus, so that we 
may grow more like thee day by day. ' ' 

Some Sentence Prayers. — The following prayers 
are suggestions only. Use them with Juniors to 
give the children an idea of what a sentence 
prayer should be. 

"Lord Jesus, make this day a blessing to me, and make 
me a blessing to others. ' ' 

i ' Thou hast promised never to forsake une, O Lord, there- 
fore I will be brave and strong. ' ' 

"Help us to forget ourselves and pity others who are in 
trouble. ' ' 

"Forgive us, Lord Jesus, if we have neglected our duty, 
and help us to do better in future. ' ' 

' ' Thou hast promised not to send us away empty, O 
Lord, therefore may we be blest to-day." 

"The thanksgiving we would offer thee, Lord Jesus, is 
to live according to thy will and love thee. ' ■ 

"We open our hearts to thee, dear Lord, enter thou and 
make us thine. ' ' 

The superintendent should teach the Juniors 
to use the different names of Jesus and of God 
in prayer. Many always use the same expression, 
"Dear Jesus," or something like that. Make 
for variety: "Lord Jesus," "0 Lord," "0 
Christ, " " Our Saviour, ' ' and so on. 



SHORT BIBLE PRAYERS 175 



QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 

How may we use short Bible prayers for sentence prayers? 
What kind of Bible prayers are suitable for Juniors to use? 
Where in the Bible may superintendents find such prayers ? 
Write out three Bible benedictions. 
How may we use Bible ideas in our prayers? 
Why should Juniors be taught to vary the titles of God and 
Jesus in prayer? 



CHAPTER XIV 

A FEW SUGGESTIONS 

In this chapter we propose to gather up some 
practical suggestions that superintendents may 
find useful. 

Sashes, Stars, Crescents, and Suns. — Bright 
colors, the spectacular, anything distinctive, ap- 
peal to Juniors. Therefore many societies have 
sashes or regalia which the children wear in the 
meeting. They are kept in the meeting room, 
and usually a Junior has charge of handing them 
out in the meeting, gathering them together after 
the meeting is over, and folding them neatly and 
putting them away. The United Society sells 
sashes of taffeta ribbon for this purpose, but sup- 
erintendents may make their own sashes if they 
desire. The sashes should be worn diagonally 
across the chest. 

Officers are given red sashes^ committee chair- 
men get blue sashes, and the rest of the mem- 
bers get white sashes. 

Stars, crescents, and suns may also be used and 
pinned on the sashes in recognition of memory 

176 



A FEW SUGGESTIONS 177 

and other work done by the Juniors. Societies 
that use the Junior Training Chart will find their 
instructions as to the use of these symbols in car- 
rying out the programme suggested on the chart. 

Parents and the Pledge. — It will repay the sup- 
erintendent if she or an associate can visit the 
parents of the Juniors who are proposed for 
membership in the society. She should take with 
her a copy of the Junior Pledge, show it to the 
child's) mother, and explain it to her. In a tact- 
ful way the co-operation of parents should be 
asked to see that the children as far as possible 
are encouraged to do their best to keep the 
pledge. A child's home produces a profound im- 
pression on its mind. If the home is right, the 
child has a much better chance of turning out 
well than if the home is a place of indifference to 
religion or a place of strife. Christian parents 
will no doubt do what they can to help the child ; 
and even non-Christian parents, for the child's 
sake, may try to encourage it. 

Mothers' Meetings. — Hold occasionally a 
mothers' meeting, the mothers of the children 
being invited to come. This is not a meeting of 
the society; the children are not to be present. 
The idea is to interest the mothers and win their 
co-operation. The superintendent may act as a 



178 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

kind of conference leader, after refreshments 
have been served, and deal with the question how 
best to help the children. Talks by expert Junior 
workers should be arranged. In many places the 
mothers of the .Juniors will promise to assist in 
every way they can, by getting the Juniors to 
attend on time, by reminding them of their duties, 
by encouraging them, and by trying to interest 
also non-Christian mothers. 

Perhaps at first only a few mothers will come 
to such a meeting. They may be formed into a 
committee to go after the others and hold a 
second meeting with a larger attendance. If the 
home can be made to work with the society the 
superintendent's hands will be immensely 
strengthened. 

Then, of course, the mothers may be invited 
occasionally to visit the society and see how the 
work is done. To many it will be a revelation, 
for they do not realize what Junior Christian 
Endeavor means. 

In the same way the fathers should be invited 
to another meeting, and this meeting the boys of 
the society should conduct, although the girls 
will also take part. 

Banners. — Every live Junior society will want 
a banner. If there is money enough in the 
treasury a beautiful banner of silk may be bought. 



A FEW SUGGESTIONS 179 

If not, deft-fingered Junior girls may make a 
banner out of cheaper material. 

Take a pattern of the shape and size from 
some banner you have seen. Then cut a piece 
of flannel or other cloth the proper size. If you 
can afford to cover this with silk, you will have 
a fine banner ; but if not, a very good banner may 
be made by covering the cloth with lustred paper. 
White paper makes a beautiful background on 
which red, blue and gold letters may be pasted. 
The letters will have to be carefully drawn and 
cut out of colored paper. 

What should the banner contain? If it is big 
enough it should contain the Christian Endeavor 
motto, "For Christ and the Church." At all 
events it should have the word "Junior," and 
the monogram, "C. E." Many banners contain 
also the name of the society. Fancy tassels 
worked with the Junior colors, blue and white, 
may be made from thread or yarn. 

In these days the staff and cross bar will not 
be difficult to obtain. They may be painted white. 

For carrying in processions or at picnics, or for 
decorating the meeting room, blue felt pennants 
may be f used with the Christian Endeavor mono- 
gram in white. 

If the Juniors do handwork, they should make 
armbands of blue cloth with the Christian En- 
deavor monogram in white sewed on them. If 



180 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

cloth cannot be obtained then make the armbands 
of paper. These may be worn at parades, at 
Christian Endeavor rallies, and so on. 

Buttons and Pins. — Celluloid buttons are cheap 
and they can be used as rewards for Junior work 
well done. When a Junior has earned so many 
buttons, he may exchange them for a Christian 
Endeavor pin. Every Junior should be en- 
couraged to wear the Christian Endeavor mono- 
gram in some form or other, on a, button or a pin. 
Make this a point in some of the contests the 
society carries out. 

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 

How may we use sashes, crescents, and suns in the society? 

How may parents help Juniors to keep the pledge? 

How may we secure the co-operation of parents? 

Why hold mothers' meetings? 

Why use banners, and how make them? 

What use can be made of buttons and pins in Junior work? 



CHAPTER XV 

JUNIOR UNIONS 

The Junior Union has a twofold character. 
It is first a union of superintendents, and second 
a union of Juniors. And since the union of 
Juniors needs adult supervision, which naturally 
comes from the superintendents, the two parts 
must be so organized as to co-operate harmoni- 
ously. 

The Superintendents. — It is advisable that all 
the Junior superintendents in a city or district 
get together and organize a union of superin- 
tendents. This union should meet once a month 
or so, and the purpose of the union will be to 
discuss problems of Junior work, exchange plans 
of working, relate experiences, listen to talks by 
Junior expert workers, exhibit Junior handwork, 
and in every way work for the efficiency of the 
superintendents and the improvement of the 
societies. 

The union should have officers, president, 
treasurer, and secretary. It may have committees 
too (if the union is small probably there will not 

181 



182 JUNIOR WORKERS ' MANUAL 

be more than one person on each committee), 
especially a lookout committee to study the pos- 
sibilities of organizing new societies. This will 
be a special part of the union's work, and in 
it all the members should take part. They should 
make a survey of the churches of the district and 
if there are any that have no Junior society, they 
should approach the pastor with a proposal to 
start one. They may arrange to take groups of 
Juniors to the church and hold a model meeting. 

Round Robins. — The superintendents may reach 
into the wider field and gather experience for 
their work. The State Junior superintendent may 
start a Round Robin, first ascertaining from all 
the superintendents in the State whether or not 
they wish to participate. This Round Robin will 
contain a list of the names of superintendents to 
whom it should be sent; brief instructions; and 
each superintendent who receives it may keep it 
a day or two, take notes of helpful plans, insert 
suggestions and plans of her own, and send it on 
its way to the next name on the list. 

The Junior Union. — This will be modelled on 
the Senior Union, but modified to suit the limita- 
tions nature has imposed on Juniors. Juniors 
may be elected to the offices of president, secre- 
tary, and treasurer; but to each office an adult 



JUNIOR UNIONS 183 

supervisor should also be attached. Thus one 
superintendent will be appointed to advise the 
Junior president ; another to advise the treasurer ; 
and a third to advise the secretary and see that 
the work is properly done. 

The principal object of the union will be to 
hold rallies and conventionettes and to organize 
the Junior section of the Senior rallies, when such 
sections are planned. It need hardly be pointed 
out that the Juniors in this way will get invalu- 
able training for the larger work of Christian 
Endeavor. 

Perhaps the only practical committee for a 
Junior Union will be the flower committee, which 
will help to decorate the churches where rallies 
are to be held. 

The Junior executive committee will meet 
with the advisers and make out a programme 
for the rally. In the rally the Junior president 
will preside, his adviser sitting beside him to 
help him when help is needed. The Junior secre- 
tary will call the roll. 

The Juniors should be given a large part on 
the programme. There may be an adult speaker, 
perhaps, but not one that will make a long-winded 
and dry speech. At the rallies there will be 
special Bible drills put on by single societies; 
united Bible drills, such as finding Bible verses, 
repeating texts of Scripture; and short essays or 



184 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

talks by Juniors on various aspects of Christian 
Endeavor work. 

In the conventionette, which usually will be 
held on a Saturday afternoon, Junior conferences 
should be held under adult leadership. They 
will deal with the work of the various com- 
mittees. All members of the prayer meeting 
committee, for instance, will meet in the prayer- 
meeting conference and discuss plans to make 
better praj^er meetings. And so with the other 
committees. 

The Junior Parade. — When a rally is to be 
held, or a conventionette, Juniors will advertise 
their societies well if they hold a Junior parade. 
This may of course be held also at rallies and 
conventions of Senior societies. 

The best plan is to have all the Juniors of the 
city meet at a given church some distance from 
the convention church. Arrange the Juniors by 
societies, a Junior at the head of each carrying 
the society banner with the name of the society. 
Some may be more ambitious and make a large 
banner to be carried by two staffs, one at each 
side, the banner between them. This will bear 
the name of the society and also a sentence or 
two telling about Junior work. All Juniors 
should wear white armbands with the Christian 
Endeavor monogram in blue. As many as possible 



JUNIOR UNIONS 185 

may carry pennants — make them of blue paper 
with the Christian Endeavor monogram in white, 
if you have not cloth ones. 

Many unions might well organize a Junior band 
which could march a/t the head of the parade. 

Of course all the superintendents and assistants 
will be present to keep order. The route should 
be carefully planned by the superintendents be- 
forehand, and a number of members of the Senior 
societies should be enlisted to come to the parade 
to take care of the Juniors. 

Automobile Parade. — Something that will cre- 
ate an even deeper impression on the public and 
at the same time arouse the enthusiasm of every 
Junior would be an automobile parade. The 
members of the churches will lend their automo- 
biles for this purpose, and a good many Juniors 
may be carried in each auto. There would be 
pennants and banners in this case too, and big 
streamers on the automobiles would announce the 
meaning of the parade. 

The Junior Union Treasury. — The expenses of 
a Junior union will not be heavy, but there will 
be posters to get out, announcements of the meet- 
ing to mail, car-fare of speakers to provide for, 
and such matters. The ideal way to provide 
funds for this is to apportion the annual budget 



186 JUNIOR WORKERS' MANUAL 

among the societies. It will be the duty of the 
treasurer to get this money and to disburse it, 
directed by his or her adviser. 

When the State has a Junior department with 
a superintendent of Junior work it is an excellent 
plan to add to the budget and apportion a 
small amount so that the union as such may 
send a gift to the State work. This applies also 
to county work if there is such in the county. 

We believe it is advisable for States to keep 
Junior contributions distinct from other gifts. It 
often happens at State and other conventions, 
that a Senior society will make a pledge to State 
work, and then count toward their pledge what- 
ever the Junior society gives. The Junior gift is 
lost in the larger gift. The Senior society should 
pledge for itself, and the Junior for itself, ea,ch 
making good its own obligation. 

The State union should plan to use Junior gifts 
for the spread of Junior work. It will get more 
money if this is' done, for the Juniors will easily 
take to such missionary enterprise and will give 
more liberally toward it. 

The Junior Union Secretary. — The secretary 
and adviser will keep a record of societies, num- 
ber of members, names of superintendent, presi- 
dent, and secretary as well as their addresses. 



JUNIOR UNIONS 187 

The secretary will send these names to the offices 
of the county and State unions. 

She will also keep minutes of executive com- 
mittee meetings and of all rallies. A copy of 
the programme used at each rally should be 
written into the report, although it need not be 
read when the minutes are read. It will be 
there for the information of later officers who 
may want to know how previous meetings were 
planned and conducted. 

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 

What is the twofold character of a Junior union? 

How organize a union of superintendents? 

What is the value of a superintendents' union? 

What is a Round Robin? 

What is a Junior union and how is it organized? 

What may a Junior union's officers do at a Junior rally? 

What is a Junior conventionette? 

What is the value of Junior parades, and how arrange them? 

Why keep Junior funds for union work separate from the union's 

funds derived from other sources ? 
What is the work of the Junior union secretary ? 



